ancient

Comments

I. Dr.Virendra Goswami. Vice Chancellor

Confucius had rightly stated :there are three methods of wisdom ie “Reflection” which is the noblest “Imitation” Which is easiest “Experience” Which is bitterest. I strongly feel that If we as a nation, are aware of our past and learn lessons from our past mistakes, then we shall definitely further build our strong nation to a “Super Power” as we know
“Awareness of past experiences equips individuals , communities and nations to build brighter future”
This great awareness of past experience has been successfully amalgamated with the aim to build India a ‘Super Knowledge Power ‘ in the form of a great historical & religious research entitled as ‘Ancient Indian History ‘ by the great Historian Late Dr Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan covering both Pre -Vedic & Vedic Periods based on Indian Inscriptions.
The books relate to a period about eight hundred years from the 2nd century BC on wards covering important dynasties of the country and give us a sense of proud on the legacy we inherit. For example Coin Legends like Kings ofbactria & Kings of Sauvira were among the first kingdoms to introduce currency in the form of Coins. The legacy we inherit from the Sungas, The Chedis of Kalinga, the Sakas, the Kushanas, the Abhiras , etc.While swimming through the author’s research work on Imperial Guptas covering period from 320 AD to 543 AD, the Traikutakas of western India, the Maitrakas of valabhi, the Kalachuris and their subordinates,&the Manavas as well as the Mukharis of Rajsthan, UP & Bihar etc. leave a lasting impression on our minds after learning about our the rich cultural inheritance.
The books are the spectra of several other important dynasties of our country viz. The vakatakas of Maharashtra & Goa from Regnal year 13 to 37, The vakatakas of vatasgulama, The Nala Dynasity, Western Chalukyas, the Vishnukundins, Bhojas of South Western India, Maharaja of Madhya Pradesh Swamidasa, The Aulikaras of Dasapura,The Parivrajaka family, the Uchchakalpa family, The Hunas, Kings of sarabhapura from Regnal year 3 to Regnal year 41, The Pandvas, Maharaja Nandana of Bihar Kingdoms of Bengal, Asam & Goa up to 6th century Ad, Maharaja Ghana from Regnal year 8 to year 15, Soro Plates of Somadatta, the Pitribhaktas of Kalinga, The Matharas of Pishtapura, The Matharas of kalinga, The Vigrahas, The early Pallavas etc etc
This book shall be very useful to the researchers and others who are interested in our Ancient Indian History & cultural inheritance especially the history of Southern, Western, Eastern & Northern parts of Ancient India.
I am confidant that reading this unique replicated inscription work not only make Indian more proud but, also to other Nationals to appreciate the efforts of the author to put the translated version of very difficult ancient Pali & Sanskrit languages inscription into text to build their better future

II Prof Dr A. L. Basham (National University of Canberra)
This theses is, in my opinion, one of the finest thesis from an Indian university, that I have yet seen, in what is now quite a lengthy period of acting as an external examiner. It is detailed, thorough and original and the Author’s command of English is well above average standard of Indian University teachers at the present time. This thesis is a good thourough study of the subject.  The author has exploited all the material available to him and has marshalled his arguments clearly and forcefully. His study of the historical geography of the region and of the tribe peoples on the eve of the Greco_Bactrian invasion is very valuable.

‘Worthy of comments are the excellent maps’

 

III Dr F.R. Allchin ( University of Cambridge,UK)

Dr Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan has attained a very high level, both in collection and critically assessing historical materials. The candidates presentation of his work and Command of the English language are also very satisfactory”The author is able to make a solid and useful reappraisal of the earlier historical writings, particularly those of W.W. Tarn and Dr A.K. Narain.

IV Dr L D Mohan ( An Ex Fellow member of Indian Council of Historical Research)

Earlier, the script of ancient Indian Inscriptions used to be Brahmi & Kharoshthi. Students of Sanskrit & ancient history used to find it difficult to understand the subject in these scripts. Dr Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan was the first scholar to convert this script to Devnagri & Roman & there after translated the research work to Sanskrit Hindi & English. This work facilitated  Students to understand the subject easily. These Books & Research Papers shall be very useful to the Research Scholars and other individuals, who are interested in Indian History and the culture of India.

V Dr Sharadendu Bali
I would like to purchase all of these books. I shall pay in advance by any method which you like. You can send me the books by mail through Indian Post Office.Thanks.

VI Indian Council of Historical Research E mail Message from Mr Ramesh Yernagula
Dear Shri. Alok Mohan, Thanks for your interest. Kindly send four volumes of your work along with filled application form to the Council .If need more details, you may refer our Research Funding Rules (RFR) by clicking the below link. http://www.ichrindia.org/pdf/Research_funding_rules.pdf
Application form
http://www.ichrindia.org/pdf/Annexure7.pdf

VII Dr Smith
Really impressed with your blog, sincerely — from Dr. Smith,

VIII बी  ल   छिब्बर  ( Formerly Commissioner of Income Tax, Panjab)   आप द्द्वारा लिखित पुस्तकें प्राप्त हुई ! बहुत प्रासनता हुई और बहुत बहुत आभार ! मुझे और भी  प्रासन्ता हुई की आप स्वर्गीय वसिष्ठ देव जी की प्रम्प्रता को आगे बढ़ाते  हुए , विद्वत पूर्ण ज्ञान वर्दन अवं इतिहासिक तथ्यों पर आधारित ग्रंथों का सृजन कर मानवता का कल्याण कर रही हैं !भगवन से प्राथना है की आपको दीर्ग आयु दें ताकि आप भविष्य  में भी एससी उच्च कोटि की रचनाएँ सृजन करें !
1. A Kaur delhi Translation of the ancient inscriptions into three different languages by DR M V Mohan, for the benifit of students is indeed a praise worthy task. I understand that Inscriptions discovered from South India reveal that there was a very well-evolved democratic system in India and the elected leaders had to adhere to well-defined laws that prescribed stiff penalties for those who swindled public money or indulged in improprieties. Various dynasties such as Cheras, Cholas, Pallavas, Pandyas and Vijaynagar from eighth to the 16th century, had strict guidelines to eliminate corruption and check financial bungling by those in positions of power. While swindling of funds of public property drew extremely harsh punishment, a failure to submit accounts by public functionaries rendered them and their three generations from holding a public office. Velu Thambi of of Kerala was one of the honest and able administrators of South India. Once there was an incident when his adversaries tried to get Velu Tahmbi’s mother in accepting benefits from people to tarnish the image of Velu Thambi, Velu Thambi cut his own palms as he could not punish his mother.

2. Anil Arora Faridabad
Thank you very much for the rich information about our cultural inheritance on this web site. I wish to add that In Medieval India, people were fond of the the classical dance called KATHAK which is also popular in modern india also. Raaga is one of the classical ancient musics in India. During those days, Khatak, Odesi had special place in Indian dancing There are many ancient sculptures and paintings in the caves, Ajanta and Ellora which remind us about the rich cultural inheritance we have.
3. Deepak Karnal
Alexander invaded India in 326 BC at the river Hydaspes against Porus junior, youngest among six Porus brothers and defeated him. Porus junior was a ruler of a very small kingdom. Consequently remaining brothers united and defeated the invading Army of Sikander, which after the insulting defeat from the elder Porus forces, fled to all directions. Porus elder injured sikander very badly in one of the direct battles and later on sikander died due these injuries.
Ancient indians were the largest exporters of goods making India the richest nation on earth. After Alexander’s unsuccessful invasion. Europeans came to know about india’s wealth and began to trade with india. During Hellenistic times through the days of Rome though, there is substantial evidence of the importation of Indian products and meetings between philosophers.
After Alexanders defeat, Eeuropeans knew that they had no other way, but to find a sea route to india on the name of trade,and in this quest only America was found by columbus and he named the island as west indies(india in the west) and called native Americans as Red Indians. India never ever tried to invade any other country. Whole world was dependent on india for trade as india had all types of climate(cold in the north,hot monsoon in the south,hot deserts in west and rainy in the east, wettiest places on earth) so all types of goods were available in india. India was also the only source of diamonds. World’s largest diamond koh-i-noor was found in Andhra Pradesh in india. This gives us a pleasure to know about the past glory of india through this website.

4.  Mr Jyoti Swaroop Awasthi  Mall Manager at Pacific Mall, Mathura


Heartiest congratulations on bringing amazing wealth of our hindu legacy through your website… Thank you for  this  value addition platform . The whole research work speaks volumes of our rich cultural heritage . Huge wealth of knowledge to enrich valuable heritage of ancient hinduism. The depth of research work speaks volumes of lifetime devotion in learning traditional remains of community and its exposure/availibility is not only for enlightenment of heart & amp; minds of entire hindu community, but for update on legacy of the family and the amulgum of knowledge thirsty intellects of other communities as well.

5.   R Mohanan

Very useful work for the research scholars especially from the southern part of india. I understand that the cholas were the greatest ancient Indian kingdoms of South India. The CHOLAS of Tamils conquered and either ruled or influenced Srilanka, Burma, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand Cambodia and Indonesia. Thats an empire – when you rule not your own nation completely but conquer other nations also . Until today the legacy culture and the tamil people are still there – expecialy in Sri lanka, malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia

Almost all ancient temples in sri lanka are the CHOLAS, there are several CHOLA temples in Malaysia ( eg: srivijaya and so), then the great CHOLA BOROBUDUR sivan temple in Indonesia or the great great Prambanan temple complex in JAVA by CHOLA, Angkor WAT in Cambodia and so almost all have ancient tamil Brahmi inscription of the chola empire and sacred mantra inscriptions in sanskrit.

6. Shashi Bhushan
The Research work by Dr Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan, covering a period close to 800 years from 2nd BC onwards, is an excellent  analysis of the events related to the history of Ancient India The research works makes a lasting impression on our minds about our rich cultural inheritance. Most of we Indians, are only concerned with our day to day activities and we, never ever, think about our ancestral inheritance. The religious & historical research work under taken by Dr MVD Mohan & Dr LD Mohan speaks volumes of words of wisdom & knowledge for nourishment of our souls & Minds & is duly recommended by me.

7.  V K Sharma

India is an  ancient mystic land where wisdom lay unfolded. A land where many saints spend their  time to meditate & discover the functioning of  inner souls & minds. We need nourishment of our souls & minds so as to move on our life’s journey in pleasant way. Religious Writing had been something, Which Dr Lajja Devi Mohan had always been passionate about. The books written by her  contain useful information of important temples & monuments of historical importance like Ram Janam Bhoomi, Hanumaan Garhi, Tulsi Samarak, Balimiki Ramayan Bhawan, Gurudwara Nazarbagh, Brahmkund etc.The book “Hamaare Poorvaj” written by her connect us with our past & make us aware of the “Great Ancient Hindu Family Tree” A Great tree, which comprised all casts & no one was inferior or Superior among Hindus of Ancient India.

8.  Mrs Renu Sharma PRINCIPAL, I B College, Panipat

Of all the religious  books written on Hinduism, I have discovered the books written by Dr L D Mohan presents most balanced view of our religion.  The glimpses of the author’s passionate vision of ancient India is reflected in her books namely Jai Bharat Mata & Bharat darshan. I feel the books authored by her are the best religious books for every one, especially for the students of religious studies, and are  eye-openers for the practicing Hindus. The books especially describe Hinduism ie a  way of life and covers all what we need to know about Hinduism 

9.  Mrs Anju Sharma, PRINCIPAL, Government Girls Senior Secondary School, Shiv Nagar, Panipat

We all are aware that as children we are not taught how to utilize the experiences of  past in the present times. Most of us do not develop  “history habit.”  I feel the “history habit,”  is more then  the “reading habit,” .  History is an ingrained intellectual method for better functioning of our minds It means studying history as an automatic, unquestioned method to improve our behavioral pattern and traits. The research work  by Dr Mehta vasishtha Dev Mohan  ie “The Great Research Work on Ancient India ” connects every individual ie Hindu Sikh Christian Muslim Jain Budhist etc etc of Modern India with our ancestral roots. The roots which  we all share collectively. I recommend the research work undertaken by the Author to every one from the bottom of my heart. The books written by him,  offer a good historical and thematic introduction to Hinduism, tracing its development from our  ancient origin.

10.Varun 

I shall encourage all my friends to read the books authored by Dr M V Mohan & Dr L D Mohan as these books shall give us  knowledge about our saints and our ancestors and shall develop our  personality and make us a good role models. Experiences of our Past make us  see our goals more clear without being marred by negative emotions , while using positive emotions as weapons to counter the weapons of invaders so as to get political gains & devide hindus. Connecting with India’s cultural inheritance, shall bring positive emotions among all members of Indians as a Great community

11. B B Sharma Faridabad

India is one of the greatest of all civilizations The History of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization in such sites as Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, and Lothal, and the coming of the Aryans. These two phases are usually described as the pre-Vedic and Vedic periods. It is in the Vedic period that Hinduism first arose: this is the time to which the Vedas are dated. In the fifth century, large parts of India were united under Ashoka. He also converted to Buddhism, and it is in his reign that Buddhism spread to other parts of Asia. It is in the reign of the Mauryas that Hinduism took its present shape. history is very rich. India has contributed greatly to the world philosophy and religion and  has survived as a culture. The research work by the authors connect us to our cultural inheritance.

 12.   Manju Mohan   

Evolution of Gods and Goddesses and the development of role models for Hindu society, a society, which form the basis of the modern Hindu religion. Hinduism has been one of the main religions in India. Hinduism has been passed down from the ancient period in the form of  epics and myths for its development. The religious  books authored by Dr Lajja Devi Mohan, is a systematic study of  development of Hinduism. I strongly feel that as Hindus we must read this great work and get connected with our ancestors

13.  Mrs kamlesh Sharma, Chandigarh 

   I personally know Dr Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan since several years.  He was a Great Teacher, a  Great Scholar, a Great Poet and above all a Great Guide. Sometimes it takes someone’s death for us to know more about him and his life. The Ancient Indian History Books & Research Work written by DR Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan does not only leave a bench mark for Indian Historians but also leave a great legacy, which we, all, the hindu community members must cherish

14.  Anshu Sharma

We are extremely proud of our unique heritage and culture. The web site has definitely helped us to create awareness about the special need to protect our cultural heritage and educate our children, so that they remain rooted in our cultural pursuit. Of course our cultural heritage is fashioned by centuries of repression and subjugation. It has endured wars, famine, plague, religious & political prosecution, language suppression, draconian laws etc, but as a nation, this gives us a sense of accomplishment that despite all odds we have survived as a nation

15.  Captain RK Sabherwal (IN)

“Dr Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan, father of my friend Cdr (Retired) Alok Mohan, was a veteran soldier and was among first very few commissioned officers of Indian origin in the flying branch of Royal Air force during early forties. After a brief tenure with Airforce, he pursued his career in education department and retired during early seventies. He headed a large college in Haryana as principal.

During his academic career, he had several achievement to his credit. He carried out extensive research work in ancient history and had authored several books. He had a fighting spirit like a soldier. I remember, during last phase of his life in mid nineties at Goa, when I
met him last, he was a cancer patient, he continued his research work in his subject ie Ancient Indian History based on ancient
inscriptions. Dr Mehta vasishtha dev Mohan was a role model for us. He was a great soldier, a poet, an author and above all a great human being.”

 

16. Mrs Satisha Sharma Retd Principal Arya mahila College Ludhiana

If we are looking for spiritual peace then we must read the books written by Dr Lajja Devi Mohan. We must read “Ram Mahima Geeta Saar” & Ayodia ke pramukh Raja for better understanding of how avatar of God came into existence. The book “Hamare Poorvaj” definitely connects us to our roots. The research work on comparative study between Goswami Tulsi dass and Guru Gobind Singh” shall surely increase our understanding about Hinduism & Sikhism and our common ancestors.

17. Dr lalita Verma Panipat

I recommend you to read the religious books authored by Dr L D Mohan, especially the book titled “our Ancestors” , We can understand about our  true identity only if we get connected to our past ie about the common ancestors of  we, the hindus. After reading the books, an inner joy, that comes to us make us enlightened, about the wide concept of Hinduism ie a  way of life.

18.  Professor Shiv ram  Sharma Gurgaon

Since the early part of the first millenium, most of the north India had been fighting with Invaders, However, the cholas at this time were very strong in south India. Hinduism was flourishing very well in this glorious period of Ancient India. It is sad that south india’s history had been ignored in Ancient Indian history books of this period.

The book Indian Inscriptions authored by Dr Mehta Vasishtha dev Mohan  cover important dynasties of the country for example The vakatakas of Maharashtra & Goa from Regnal year 13 to 37, The vakatakas of vatasgulama, The Nala Dynasity, Western Chalukyas, the Vishnukundins, Bhojas of South Western India, Maharaja of Madhya Pradesh Swamidasa, The Aulikaras of Dasapura,The Parivrajaka family, the Uchchakalpa family, The Hunas, Kings of sarabhapura from Regnal year 3 to Regnal year 41, The Pandvas, Maharqaja Nandana of Bihar Kingdoms of Bengal, Asam & Goa up to 6th century Ad. The books leave us  with a feeling of proud to know about our rich cultural inheritance.

19.  Dr Rekha Verma Panipat

Bhagwat Gita is also known as the fifth veda in hinduism. People worship Krishna in same manner as Shiva,Durga,Ganesha,Hanuman Rama etc…as there are many dieties in hinduism and all of these deities are the manifestation for the supreme being known as Bharm/parabharm.  Bhagwat Gita and Ram Charit Manas are important contributions to hindu religion & culture by Lords Ram & Krishana. The book Ram Mahima & Geeta Saar high light the Dohaas & chhoppais from these two sacred books. I recommend this book to all readers of religious writings.

20. Mr Ashok Sethi Advocate Panipat

Hinduism & Sikhism both promote the policy of  preaching sarvamanava soubhartrutwam ie  universal brotherhood ie live and let live  ie Sarvat dha Bhalla Religion must not  make any negative impact on the people and preach to their followers about the universal conscious ie one God. Tulsi Aur Govind ke ram Kavya includes the contributions of Shri Dasham Guru Granth sahib, which describes about  Ram from Birth to Swargarohan. During 18th & 19th century the Ram Kavya was written in Punjabi. The author has been successful in drawing parallels & tracing roots between the two faiths and their teachings.

 21. Dr Hari Mitter Sharma Ex Librarian VVRI Panjab University Hoshiarpur

India’s history and culture is dynamic and  begins with a rich culture, which flourished along the Indus River and within farming communities in the southern lands of India. The history of India is punctuated by constant integration of migrating people with the diverse cultures that surround India. Available evidence suggests that the use of iron, copper and other metals was widely prevalent in the Indian sub-continent at a fairly early period, which is indicative of the progress that this part of the world had made. By the end of the fourth millennium BC, India had emerged as a region of highly developed civilization. Various Archaeological discoveries have provided authentic source for the Historians of  modern India to reconstruct ancient indian history based on  Old Coins & Inscriptions and revive/revisit the glorious past of India. The books written by Dr Mehta vasishtha Dev Mohan provide comprehensive information about the proud hindu rulers of  South North East & West India especially Mauryan Empire & Gupta Dynasty & covers Indian history of earlier times covering eight hundred years from 2nd BC onwards.

22. Ms Vinny Chawla Adhyaksh Haryana Janta Congress

The books authored by Dr M V Mohan based on Indian Inscriptions (four volumes)  also cover a period, when most of North India was united under the Gupta Empire ie the important dynasty of India, the Traikutakas of western India, the Maitrakas of valabhi, the Kalachuris and their subordinates, The Manavas, The Mukharis of  Rajsthan, UP & Bihar etc. Because of the relative peace, law and order, and extensive cultural achievements during this period, it has been described as a “Golden Age” of India that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture with all its variety, contradiction, and synthesis. The golden age was confined to the north, and the classical patterns began to spread towards south  The military exploits of the first three rulers — Chandragupta I (ca. 319-335), Samudragupta (ca. 335-376), and Chandragupta II (ca. 376-415) — brought all of  the North India under their leadership and the culture of hinduism flourished.

23. Ms Usha Koshish Principal Convent School Pravanu

In the fifth century, large parts of India were united under Ashoka.  Ashoka  converted to Buddhism after witnessing human sufferings consequent to bloody wars. It is in his reign that Buddhism spread to several parts of Asia. Buddhism taught the values of  “Respect for the nature and Non Violence” among  people. Buddhism is a way of life or a philosophy. The books ie  “Indian Inscriptions” shall be very useful to the people, who are interested to know origin & spread of Budhism ie a  philosophy & a way of  life.

24. Vijay Sharma Panipat

Hindu Dharma accepts that all beliefs & faiths lead to salvation of all living beings and the whole world is one family.” All living beings are children of the Immortal Power, God or Ishwara. Hindu Dharma sends out strong message for every one to be free from agony and fear and  be healthy, happy and pious. The religious books written by Dr Lajja Devi Mohan ie especially the books on Shri Ram & Ayodia Chitrakoot, are very educative and provide rich awareness about the Great Hindu Family and shall be useful to the younger generations of Hindus living outside India. The books describe  important temples & monuments of historical importance like Ram Janam Bhoomi, Hanumaan Garhi, Tulsi Samarak, Balimiki Ramayan Bhawan, Gurudwara Nazarbagh, Brahmkund etc.

25.  Suresh Sethi, Advocate, Gurgaon

Pilgrimage tours are not just travelling to holy shrines only, but any journey to revisit Past also. Revisit those places, where memories of sacrifices made by our ancestors exist. Those places where our ancestors sacrificed their lives to make our Present happy. India is a land of Gods & Goddesses. But Shiva Jee, Maharana Pratap, Jhansi Bhai & several other freedom fighters of India, who sacrificed their lives for us, are no lesser then these Gods and Goddeses. Thousands of freedom fighters spent the prime of their lives in the jails of Andeman Nikobar Deepshmooh and other places of India.. These jails are holy places for us. I, strongly, recommend the books, namely, “Andeman Nikobar Deepshmooh “, “Ayodhya Chitrkoot “ “Bharat darshan” written by Dr Lajja Devi Mohan for this kind of pilgrimage.

26. Narender Mehta Secretary Mohyal Sabha, Panipat

The research papers ie “ The Antiquity of  upnishadas” written by Dr M V Mohan, contain a very deep knowledge of  Vedic culture, a culture which  is based on the Vedas.  The mantras ie  the earliest portion, are hymns to the power of nature which is seen as a kind, tolerant and merciful, yet mighty, severe, and unrelenting deity. The Brahmanas, are detailed instructions needed to perform rituals and meditations that produce certain sought-after and limited results: wealth, progeny, a happy afterlife, health, etc. Such knowledge is valuable for those who believe that happiness comes from outside themselves. A few of us doubt that lasting happiness comes from the pursuit of desired object and/or the performance of finite activities, religious or otherwise, in a time-bound world and, for whatever reasons, are convinced  that happiness comes from within. The Aranyakas or Upanishads, the third portion of each Veda, commonly known as Vedanta, agrees and delivers an “Absolute Truth” Learned transcendentalists who know the Absolute Truth call this non dual substance Brahman, Paramatma or Bhagavan. The Absolute Truth is both subject and object, and there is no qualitative difference there. Therefore, Brahman, Paramatma and Bhagavan are qualitatively one and the same. The same substance is realized as impersonal Brahman by the students of the Upanishads, as localized Paramatma by the Hiranyagarbhas or the yogis, and as Bhagavan by the devotees. In other words, Bhagavan, or the Personality of Godhead, is the only word of the “Absolute Truth” Swami Vivekananda in his famous ‘Paper on Hinduism’, delivered at the Chicago Parliament of Religions on 19th of September, 1893, had said on that day: ‘“Children of immortal bliss”— what a sweet, what a hopeful name! Allow me to call you, brethren, by that sweet name—heirs of  immortal bliss—yea, the Hindu refuses to call you sinners. Ye are the Children of God, the sharers of  immortal bliss, holy and perfect beings. Ye divinities on earth—sinners! It is a sin to call a man “Sinner”.

27. Ms Anita Sharma,  Government School, Shimla

We,  Hindus relate ourselves to common Ancestors ie Rishis. For Exmple Kashyap, Bhardwaj and balmiki are not Rishis for particular class or Cast but are saints for all Hindus. Hinduism identify Common Ancestors among all Casts. There is no upper or lower classes among us.
Our caste like any modern organizations, was determined by the jobs we performed ie by the  profession.  There was no warrior caste,no  priest caste, no tailor caste and so on. Ancient times, there were many instances, when people changed their castes just by changing their professions.
This was only during colonial era, castism became rigid and lost its real purpose. India is a land of Saints. Our great religion & culture ie Hindu Dharma is not a creation of an individual but has taken birth consequent to contributions of several saints & scholars. The knowledge shared by these Rishis ie our ancestors is an ocean of knowledge. I therefore recommend all Hindus must read the book “Our Ancestors” written by Dr L D Mohan to  know about the real roots of our greater family tree.

28. Meera Marwaha Teacher MKK Arya Model School

Many eminent  poets & writers like Bhartendu Harish Chander, Balmukund Gupt, Radha Krishan Dass, Ram Charit Upaadhaya, Surya Kant Tripathi and Swami Satyanand jee have produced the main characters of Ram Katha, so that hindu Society is provided role models for different relations ie Role Model for father, Role model for Mother, Role model for Son Role Model for Sister, Role Model for Brother. The book “Tulsi Or Govind Ke Ram Kavya” includes these characters of Ram Katha. I wish if we hindus make any of these characters of Ram Katha as our role models, our society shall become an example for the international community..

29. Mr Rit Mohan Advocate Panipat

   Dr Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan was an Indian scholar of Brahmi, Kharosthi Pali & Sanskrit languages.  The Kharosthi Script was more or less contemporary with the Brahmi script, appearing around the 3rd century BCE mainly in modern-day northern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. Like Brahmi, Kharosthi seemed to have been developed for Prakrit dialects, which was the common speech of everyday life. Kharoshti was the language of the ancient kingdom of Gandhara. Kharosthi Script fell out of use by the 3rd or 4th century AD, and the descendent of Brahmi eventually took hold in the North Western South Asia. Brahmi is usually written from left to right. Surviving records of these  scripts are mostly restricted to ancient inscriptions and there are very few scholars in India. Who could understand & correctly translate these scripts to modern languages. The Research Work of Dr Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan based on these inscriptions &  translation of the scripts on Inscriptions into English, Hindi & Sanskrit is a praise worthy effort and has been the first attempt by any Indian Research Scholar of Ancient Indian History.

30. Harish Chander

                                    This web Site  contains information on good books on ancient india especially the culture of hinduism.

“Healthy information”

31. Mrs Sunita Mohan Teacher DAV School

Dr Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan was a very kind-hearted and generous person. He was founding Director of Bhartiya Vidya Vihaar School, at Civil Lines, Ludhiana. The school was founded by him  during late 1960s  with an aim to provide education to children at affordable cost. He raised funds from business men of Ludhiana for this purpose. He founded a charitable school at Panipat, during late seventies with an aim to provide free education to children living in slums of the city. I understand this was first truly free school for poor people of the District for whom, going to school each day, was not an option. The school provided free note books, Books, Pencils etc to the poor children without charging fees. Dr L D Mohan helped him teaching poor children and promote his idea of free education for working class children. The Charity school provided free education to children up to class VIII for a period close to one decade. Due to old age & lack of adequate finances, he had to close the school in mid eighties. He was a source of inspiration for us, because of his ideologies

32. Harsh Tanwar HR Manager

Understand that the authors have carried out extensive research work on ancient political & religious history of India. We,as a community & as a nation, must take pride in our glorious past. It is a matter of pride for we hindus that several thousand years, our culture was very advanced. Adequate evidence to prove this fact is available in the form of ancient inscriptions is available. Translation of these inscriptions, which were written in Pali,Brahmi, & kroshti scripts into three different languages by Dr M V Mohan, is definitely, a praise worthy effort. We are proud of our great cultural inheritance. I personally, recommend that every hindu,  must read these books to know about our roots. We must remember that only those communities, which are aware of their roots, their history & their war heros, grow.

33. Cdr (Retired) Alok Mohan

The main doctrine of Hinduism is that “Every religion is our religion and it is the duty of each hindu to enlighten every human being irrespective of his religion, ethnicity cast etc. We must respect every human being”  In Bhagwat Geeta, the sacred religious book, Lord Krishna says “All religions are different paths to the same God”. This truth has been highlighted by Dr L D Mohan, in the religious books, written by her. Hinduism do not propagate cast system. All the paths to attain spirituality are open to every hindu irrespective of cast. (Cast system has been misunderstood by us). The book on our ancestors help us discovering this fact.

I strongly feel that my humble attempt to build this web site on Ancient India & the ancient Indian religious & political work of my parents,,shall be a small but useful drop in the ocean of Hinduism.

34. B R Bhardwaj Kurukshetra

The research thesis on the history of the north Western Regions of the India Subcontinent by Late Dr Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan is an attempt to revive the glorious past of India. As we all are aware that in the early year of this century , our country was invaded by the Greek Rulers of Bactria. The administration of the later Mauryas crumbled and the Sungas emerged as new force. This work undertakes to study among various other things, the political conditions prevailing the eve of the Indo Greek invasion, the nature of India forces – the mauryas and subsequently the Sungas-and the out come of this struggle. The author has investigated the history of the republican Tribes of the North West and of the later Mauryas in this contribution. The latter investigation is based on literary and epigraphical notices fr0om Panini ( 5th century BC) to Samudragupta

35.  Ankit 

I have read the book Indo Greek Coins written by Dr MVD Mohan and recommend this book to all those who are keen to know about the glorious past of India. Old Coins rank among the best and most reliable data to rewrite the Ancient History of India. The Indo Greek Princes were the earliest Rulers,who issued inscribed Coins/Cast Coins in India. The Chief merit of this book is that it reviews  all that had been done on the subject of Ancient Indian History during 2nd Century BC  by previous Scholars.

36. Mr Onkar Bhave Sanyukta Mahamantri VHP

I am pleased to read the book  “Ande Maan Nikobar Dweepsamooh” authored by Dr lajja Devi Mohan. The book has been very nicely written. All the facts related to the subject, have been systematically explained. Images provided in the book are indeed praise worthy. I strongly feel that the book has done justice to an important requirement & has emotionally attached us with the events related to kala Pani. The book connects us with this neglected part of India. I personally congratulate you for this important contribution.  ( Message received in Hindi & has been reproduced in English)

37  From…  Anonymous  vai——–@yahoo.com

Thanks for this superb web site. I was wondering, whether you were preparing of writing related posts on ancient India . Please maintain up the superb articles on the subject.

38. From  Mr Garmen  Ram—@gmail.com
Pretty ! Very good posts. I just stumbled upon your blog and wanted to say that I have really enjoyed reading your blog posts. Any way I will be subscribing to your feed and I hope you post once again soon

39 J Singh Ludhiana
I am pleased to read the books written by Dr M V mohan & Dr LD mohan on the cultural inheritance of India. Dynastic rule had existed in the history of Ancient India prior to Ramayana and Mahabharata period
since the rise of early Vedic civilization.Suryavanshi (Solar) and Chandravanshi or Somavanshi (lunar) were the two prominent dynasties which ruled in ancient India around 8000 BC.They’re also referred to as kshatriyas meaning warrior class. Ekshvaku was the first king of Suryavanshi clan who established the great kingdom of Kosala with Ayodhya as its capital.His empire was stretched till North and Central India.Rama was 70th king in Suryavansha.Suravanshi kings ruled over Kosala for the next 6000 yrs until Mahapadmananda of Nanda dynasty captured Ayodhya in 1641 BC and exiled Sumitra,the last king of Ayodhya to Rohtak.Many famed kings like Pruthu,Mandhata,Trishanku Satyavrata),Harishchandra,Bhagiratha,Su…Raghu,Lord Rama,Prasenjit-2, belonged to Suryavanshi clan.

Nahusha was the first Monarch of Chandravansh clan and the ruler of Pratishtan,the modern day Benarus.Nahusha was succeeded as the king by his son Yayati who had 5 sons namely Puru,Yadu,Yavan (Turvasu),Druhyu and Anu.Puru ascended his throne,while Yadu and Druhya established there empires in Central and southern India.Sri Krishna was a descendant Yadu dynasty.

Many famed Kings like Prachinwan,Riteyu,Matinaar,Elina,Dushyant,Bharat,Hasti,Ajmeedh,Samavarn…Pratipa,Shantanu belonged to Puruvansha.Pandavas andKauravas also belonged to Kuru dynasty of Puruvansha

40.S kumar Chennai
The translation of Ancient inscriptions into Sanskrit Hindi & English is indeed a great effort. Sanskrit and Tamil are ancient languages un-rivalled by any other and have many similarities.
But Sanskrit is a standardised version of other People’s languages that existed and which are now extinct or transmutated into other spoken languages in the North of Vindhya mountains. Tamil on the other hand, remained a spoken language throughout. Both languages have contributed to each other, in their development, as there was interaction amongst scholars without any narrow linguistic bias, as is seen today. There is no evidence of Sanskrit ever having been a spoken language. Tamil being spoken in the southernmost part of the Indian peninsula, remained largely unknown to other regions, till recently. An interesting aspect: Despite richness of both the languages:
Sanskrit (and languages North of the Vindhyas) do not have an independent word for ‘mouth’. (‘chehra’ is of alien origin.)Tamil (and other Southern languages) do not have an independent word for ‘face’. ‘moonchi’ is a slang un-used literarily.
41. R Mathews Mumbai
This indeed was a pleasure to visit the web site which gives us a glimpse of our ancient roots.
Science and technology in ancient and medieval India covered all the major branches of human knowledge and activities, including mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, medical science and surgery, fine arts, mechanical and production technology, civil engineering and architecture, shipbuilding and navigation, sports and games

Ancient India was a land of sages, saints and seers as well as a land of scholars and scientists. Ancient India’s contribution to science and technology include:

Mathematics – Vedic literature is replete with concepts of zero, the techniques of algebra and algorithm, square root and cube root. Arguably, the origins of Calculus lie in India 300 years before Leibnitz and Newton.

Astronomy – Rig Veda (2000 BC) refers to astronomy.

Physics – Concepts of atom and theory of relativity were explicitly stated by an Indian Philosopher around 600 BC.

Chemistry – Principles of chemistry did not remain abstract but also found expression in distillation
of perfumes, aromatic liquids, manufacturing of dyes and pigments, and extraction of sugar.

Medical science & surgery – Around 800 BC, first compendium on medicine and surgery was complied in ancient India.

Fine Arts – Vedas were recited and recitation has to be correct, which gave rise to a finer study of sound and phonetics. The natural corollary were emergence of music and other forms of performing arts.

Mechanical & production technology – Greek historians have testified to smelting of certain metals in India in the 4th century BC.

Civil engineering & architecture – The discovery of urban settlements of Mohenjodaro and Harappa indicate existence of civil engineering & architecture, which blossomed to a highly precise science of civil engineering and architecture and found expression in innumerable monuments of ancient India.

Shipbuilding & navigation – Sanskrit and Pali texts have several references to maritime activity by ancient Indians.Sports & games – Ancient India is the birth place of chess, ludo, snakes and ladders and playing cards.

40. Susheel Kumar Being a student of History, this gives me a pleasure to write my comments here on Ancient India web site.
After the Mauryan rule Pushyamitra, the founder of the Sunga dynasty established his rule. The Sungas ruled for over a hundred years. The extent of the Sunga kingdom under Pushyamitra extended from Punjab and extended to the southern regions of the Narmada. The Sunga dynasty had a line of ten rulers. The last of the Sunga king was Devabhuti

The Sunga period though is less reflected as a great role in Indian history yet it significant in the matter of its administration, religion, art and literature.

The Sungas administrated the kingdom with the help of a mantriparishad. This council existed in the centre and the provinces. The provinces were governed by viceroys. During the Sunga rule Brahmanism revived its vigour. The Bhagavata form of religion was prevalent. The Bharbat stupa and the ivory works in its exquisite manner proves the promotion of art. Patanjali’s Mahabhashya is an example of the flourishing literature of the Sunga.

The Kanvas

The Kanva dynasty was a Brahman dynasty founded by Vasudeva Kanva, the minister if Devabhuti, the last Sunga king. This period is said to have witnessed the rule of four kings extending to a period about 45 years. The extent of Kanva territory was confined to the areas of Sunga rule. Susarman was the last ruler of the Kanva dynasty. The Kanvas were over thrown by the Satavahanas.

Satavahanas

The Satavahanas were also called Andhras. The Aitareya Brahmana claims the Andhras as, the exiled and degenerate sons of Viswamitra. Ashoka inscriptions mentions the Andhras as border people. They were Dravidian people who lived between the Godavari and the Krishna. Simuka was the founder of the Satavahana dynasty. He was succeeded by his brother Krishna.

Scholars are of the opinion that the original home of the Andhras – Andhra bhrityas was the Bellary district. Others claim their records to be found in the Northern Deccan and central India. Satakarni was the successor after Simuka, and is a considerable figure, known for his performance of two aswamedha sacrifices. His reign was followed by the rule of Gautamiputra satakarni. He is said to have defeated the Yavanas, Sakas and Phalanas and re-established the ancient glory of the Satavahanas. Gautamiputra satkarni was succeeded by his son Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi in about 130 AD. He extended his rule towards the Andhra country. Yajna Sri Satakarni was the last great ruler of the Satavahanas. After him the weak successors resulted in the contraction of the territory of the Satavahanas. Hostility with the Saka rulers also led to the ultimate parceling of its territories and decleration of independence .

Hinduism
Of the world’s great religions, Hinduism is especially unique, since it has no historical founder who had some revelation at some point in time. It has no fixed set of worship, with some people praying, others making sacrifices, and still others meditating. Although it is polytheistic, recognizing millions of gods, it is somewhat monotheistic in that it sees these various gods as manifestations of the one unifying god, Brahma. It is this flexibility that has made it so popular and such a unifying force in India.

While there are millions of gods, there are three that most people worship one or the other of: Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. Brahma is seen as the supreme being of creation who put into motion a constantly repeating cycle of destruction and rebirth. Although seen as the supreme god, who all others are reconciled to, Brahma has not been as popular as Vishnu and Shiva. Vishnu is the kind and merciful preserver of Brahma’s creation who has appeared in various manifestations, known as avatars, to help humanity. The most popular of his manifestations has been Krishna, who as a child was full of mischief and as an adult a great lover and a mighty warrior, qualities once associated with Indra. Shiva combined the attributes of various Harappan and Aryan gods, being at once a god of destruction and rebirth, mercy and wrath, and constancy and unpredictability.

Hinduism maintains the old Brahmanic and Buddhist principles of karma, dharma, and reincarnation. Unlike the old Brahmanic religion, it puts more emphasis on personal devotion to a god than on sacrifices performed by the Brahmans. This made Hinduism especially popular in India and it has dominated India ever since. The Kanva dynasty was a Brahman dynasty founded by Vasudeva Kanva, the minister of Devabhuti, the last Sunga king in 75 BCE. This period is said to have witnessed the rule of four kings extending to a period about 45 years.The Kanva ruler allowed the kings of the Sunga dynasty to continue to rule in obscurity in a corner of their former dominions. The extent of Kanva territory was confined to the areas of Sunga rule. Susarman was the last ruler of the Kanva dynasty. In 30 BC, the southern power swept away both the Kanvas and Sungas and the province of Eastern Malwa was absorbed within the dominions of the Satavahanas.

41. Anonymous ae———-@gmail.com
I wish to add that kshwaku dynasty ruled all over the world and the Ikshwaku Emperors from the mythology and even the historical stories has specifically shown examples and even now we see the Ayodhya, Mithila and other cities which were ruled by the Ancient kings, emperors like Janaka and Dasaratha from whom the Great Rama and Sita have stood great personalities as man and woman being worshiipped or stood examples for mankind to lead a role of manhood and womanhood from times immemorial. Idia/Bharat ruled the entire world and had scientific and astronomical and wha not spread all over the world. Mauritius people, even Sri Lanka, Afghan and Bhutan, Nepal in total Asian countries have followed the Ancient virtues and values of life from the Emperors and from that kingdom and largest Empire of India.

42. Deepak Panipat We are proud of our great inheritance & following important dynasties of ancient India
before 750 A.D
1)Gupta
2)Maurya
3)Imperial Cholas(900-!300 A.D.)
4)Maratha
4)Vijay nagara
5)Palas
6)Chalukyas & Rashtrakutas
7)Various Rajput Dynasties like Chitoor and Mewar
8)Pallavas
9)Sikh Dynasty (Multan)
10)Pandiya

43. S Sharma Teacher karnal
The important contribution of the Authors in different languages of India & reproduction/translation of ancient scripts in three different languages is a praise worthy effort. Hindi is a language of Indo Europion family & came from Sanskrit via Pali and Prakrit. Aryan language has following steps-
1.Vedic Sanskrit-1500BC-1000BC.
2.Laukik Sanskrit-1000BC-600BC
3.Pali-600BC-1BC.-Generally All the Buddhist literatures have been writen in Pali.
4.Prakrit-1BC-600AD.-Generally All the Jainist literatures have been writen in Prakrit.
5.Apbhransh and Avahattha-600A.D.-1000Ad.
6.Hindi-1000AD.-till this date.
Oldest available literature of Tamil is Sangam literature(300BC-300Ad.)
Thus Pali is Older than Tamil but Parakrit is not older than Tamil.
As u have stated Hindi is a hybrit language and full of Arbic,Turkey,Persian words.
first Muslim dynasty in India was Ghulam Dynasty(1206-1290). And Hindi is Older than 1206.So Hindi was developd without the Help of Arbic,Persian etc.Latter during the cultural exchanges-Hindi + Arbic/Persian etc. = Hindustani > Urdu.
Thus Hindi mix with Arbic Persian Turkey is know as Hindustani.Hindustani is writen in Devnagri,but If Hindustani is Writen in Persian script ,that is called Urdu.
urdu is hybrid not Hindi,Urdu has sam grammer of Hindi

44. J Mohan

Celebrated Buddhist monastic centre, often spoken of as a university, southwest of Bihār city in northern Bihār state, India. Nālanda’s traditional history dates to the time of the Buddha (6th–5th centuries BC) and Mahāvīra,the founder of the Jaina religion. According to a later Tibetan source, Nāgārjuna, the 2nd–3rd-century AD Buddhist philosopher, began his studies there. Extensive excavations carried out by the Archaeological Survey of India indicate, however, that the foundation of the monasteries belongs to the Gupta period (5th century AD). The powerful 7th-century ruler of Kanauj (Kannauj), Harṣavardhana, is reported to have contributed to them. During his reign the Chinese pilgrim Hsüan-tsang stayed at Nālanda for some time and left a clear account of the subjects studied there and of the general features of the community. I-ching, another pilgrim a generation later, also provided a minute account of the life of the monks. Nālanda continued to flourish as a centre of learning under the Pāla dynasty (8th–12th centuries), and it became a centre of religious sculpture in stone and bronze. Nālanda was probably sacked during Muslim raids in Bihār (c. 1200) and never recovered.

According to pilgrims’ accounts, from Gupta times the monasteries of Nālanda were surrounded by a high wall. The excavations revealed a row of 10 monasteries of the traditional Indian design—oblong brick structures with cells opening onto four sides of a courtyard, with a main entrance on one side and a shrine facing the entrance across the courtyard. In front of the monasteries stood a row of larger shrines, or stupas, in brick and plaster. The entire complex is referred to on seals discovered there as Mahāvihāra (“Great Monastery”). A museum at Nālanda houses many of the treasures found in the excavations.

45. Satvir Singh Patna
This is a matter of pride for us to note that theworld’s first university takshshila was established in Patna ie the Patliputra. The city of Patna, which is capital of present Day State of Bihar, was known as Patliputra in ancient times.It was capital of Mauryan Empire, which ruled India during 2-4th BC. We the people of Bihar are proud of the glorious past of our ancesstors.

46. Saurabh
we are proud to discover that India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world (circa 6th Century BC), along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters. The origin of the word “rupee” is found in the word rūp or rūpā, which means “silver” in many Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindi. The Sanskrit word rupyakam (Devanagari:रूप्यकम्) means coin of silver. The derivative word Rūpaya was used to denote the coin introduced by Sher Shah Suri during his reign from 1540 to 1545 CE. The original Rūpaya was a silver coin weighing 175 grains troy (about 11.34 grams) [1]. The coin has been used since then, even during the times of British India. Formerly the rupee was divided into 16 annas, 64 paise, or 192 pies. In Arabia and East Africa the British India rupee was current at various times, including the paisa and was used as far south as Natal. In Mozambique the British India rupees were overstamped, and in Kenya the British East Africa company minted the rupee and its fractions as well as pice. It was maintained as the florin, using the same standard, until 1920. In Somalia the Italian colonial authority minted ‘Rupia’ to the exact same standard, and called the paisa ‘besa’. Early 19th century E.I.C. rupees were used in Australia for a limited period. Decimalisation occurred in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in 1872, India in 1957 and in Pakistan in 1961.

Among the earliest issues of paper rupees were those by the Bank of Hindustan (1770-1832), the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar (1773-75, established by Warren Hastings), the Bengal Bank (1784-91), amongst others.

Historically, the rupee was a silver based currency. This had severe consequences in the nineteenth century, when the strongest economies in the world were on the gold standard. The discovery of vast quantities of silver in the U.S. and various European colonies resulted in a decline in the relative value of silver to gold. Suddenly the standard currency of India could not buy as much from the outside world. This event was known as “the fall of the Rupee.”

During British rule, and the first decade of independence, the rupee was subdivided into 16 Annas. Each Anna was subdivided into either 4 pices, or 12 pies.

In 1957, decimalisation occurred and the rupee was now divided into 100 Naye Paise (Hindi for new paisas). After a few years, the initial “Naye” was dropped. However many still refer to 25, 50 & 75 paise as 4, 8 and 12 annas respectively, not unlike the now largely defunct usage of “bit” in American English for 1/8 dollar.

47. H Singh Jammu
I wish to add that It is said that Brahma was the creator of Sanskrit language and introduced Sanskrit language to the Sages. Therefore, this language is also called Dev Vani, which means the language of Gods. It was during 18th century, when a similarity between Sanskrit, Latin and Greek was found, which gave the reason to study and discover the relationship of all Indo-European languages. The earliest form of Sanskrit language was Vedic Sanskrit that came approximately around 1500-200 B.C. This was the period when knowledge was imparted orally through the generations.
Sanskrit was one of the oldest languages known for over thousands of years, Sanskrit literature is the richest literature in the history of humankind. The composition of hymns, poems, puranas during the Vedic period formed sacred scripts of Hindus. The oldest known texts in Sanskrit are the Rigveda, Sama-veda, Yajur-veda and the Atharva-veda. Classical Sanskrit based on the old Vedic speech came up approximately between 500 B.C.-1000 A.D. It was the period after which Panini composed his grammar of Sanskrit. The two great epics of this period were Ramayana and Mahabharata.

48. K Patil Mumbai
my heart is filled with joy when i read the description of the religious literature written by Dr L D Mohan. The ancient Indian culture and or civilization is encompassed in the profound meditation and wisdom of the saints and the seers, who came up with the most valuable fundamentals of humanity and life on the cosmic scale then ever seen, known and or documented before and therefore as a matter of profound honesty, truth and reverence deserve the same crown and respect. It will be too small a term to recognize the countless blessings to the mankind and life on cosmic scale that our civilization thus born to remain for ever be termed as ‘Civilization of Saints and Seers’

49. V Arora
India is the land of Gods, has always welcomed everyone coming to its land mass with open arms and has opened its vast treasures not only of riches material but also spiritual and social.Refugees such as Jews fleeing Roman oppression around 72 CE, Syrian Christians fleeing persecution in Syria in the 345 CE time frame, Parsis fleeing Iran around 750 CE, Tibetans fleeing Chinese oppression since 1950 have all been welcome. Among 148 countries Jews have lived in, India is the only one in which they were never persecuted.There is an ancient tradition of democracy going back to the Mahajanapadas of North India and to Chola times in South India, and the ancient rules for elections carved on stone edicts in places like Chingelput, Tamil Nadu, are more stringent than in modern-day democracies “Vasudhava Kutumbakam’ is what we Indians believe in. This is the reason we with so many diversities in our culture, creed, rituals, religions, literature, food, attire, languages, are still alive as a coherent, organised, and united country. What disturbes others is their unability to grasp this fact that inspite of such diversity we still stand as One.

50 A K Sharma
Samyak Krutam is Samskrutam. The word Samyak means complete full. The language is full without any limitations. Human mind limitations are not applicable to the language. Krutam means done. That means this language is complete and total to convey messages & expressions of emotions. While Devanagari is a script not language. Vedas were told by Deva (God ) to Nagara ( People ) hence the name ‘Devanagari’. Bramhi , Pali were also popular scripts before Devanagari.

51. Surinder Singh Weaver Colony Panipat
I understand that Indians invented Weaving during ancient times. It is mentioned in our old Hindu religious books that Kalapurush used to spin black and white threads with the help of time-wheel. White referred to Day and Black referred to night
I understand primitive gins and spinning wheels originated in India. The earliest samples of cotton fabric were found in the excavations of the Indus Valley. Samples of the most ancient mordant dyeing technique for cotton fabrics, Kalamkari, were also found there. The Puranas describe spinning and weaving that match the modern concept of an industry. The fibers used for spinning and the fabrics produced were of the most varied types, unparalleled in any
other country during that period. Pliny’s Natural History informs that India exported to Rome large quantities of sheep wool, woolen fabrics, colored carpets, silks, cotton clothes, and fabrics ranging from coarse canvas to textiles of the finest texture. Ancient Indians had the reputation of making the thinnest saree that could pass through a finger ring

52. Jitender Pal
Ancient Indian Inscriptions also remind us about the black chapter of Indian History, when our historical monuments and other symbols to ascertain historical facts of ancient India were destroyed by invaders. It is true that Invaders/ intruding groups finally settled in India and destroyed ancient literature and historical monuments with a view to destroy historical evidence and prove themselves of purely Indian origin and unsuccessfully try to prove that they were superior.
53. B Prasad ludhiana
Contribution by Ancient Indians in the Medical field are many.Surgical procedures existed in our country long before the modern day methods. Many of our Ayurvedic Medicines and procedures are now being adopted by Allopathic practitioners. The first surgery was done in india by sushruta. Long before the modern science, it was the Indian astromers who calculated the size of the earth, distance from the sun and also the number of planets. Our contribution in mathematics is very vast. The number zero, factorizaton, geometry, etc. (just have a copy of Vedic Maths and you will be satisfied). Our ancestors saw that all inventions are for the general public free of cost. They did not aspire to become rich by selling or patenting their inventions.

Our ANCESTORS invented Calculus. You can see the Sanskrit mathematics texts by Arya Bhatta and Bhaskaracharya which were written many centuries before Newton that they contain Calculus. For that matter, who invented numbers? The Indians. The ancient Romans did not know the number zero. Ancient Indians knew very large numbers like Mahogham (1 followed by 62 zeros) and the corresponding smaller decimal fractions. Paavuloori Mallana of 12th century wrote
Ganitha Sastram in Telugu. One poem in the book starts like this: “Sara sasi shatka chandra sara saayaka ….”
The meaning appears to be a poetic description of nature. Each word used in the poem has a methematical terminology
meaning. It deals with a methematical problem. One grain is placed in the first square of the chess board. Double of that number, are placed in the second square, and so on. How many grains have to be placed in the last
square? The poem gives the answer as 18446744073709551614 which is equal to 2 to the power 63.

Who invented Nuclear Physics? Buddhist teacher Pakudha Katyayana taught atomic theory. Maharshi Kanaada of 3rd
century, B.C. wrote atomic theory in Vaiseshika Sutras. Agni Purana gives smaller magnitudes. The smallest of them
is called Paramaanu which nearly equals one billionth part of a meter. This value tallies with the size of an organic
molecule calculated by the western scientists. According to the Upanishads, the five elements of the nature are
Earth, Water, Air, Fire and Akasa. (The ancient Greek or Roman philosophers did not know Akasa). One can easily
guess that the Earth represents the solid state, the Water the liquid state and the Air the gaseous state. The Fire
is the plasma, the fourth state of matter. Western science has not recognized nuclear state as a state of matter,
even though some nuclear particles are stable; Akasa means nuclear state. The Vedic dictum “Anor aniyan mahaan
mahiyan” indicates that the greatest of the great is hidden in the smallest of the small; this is the basis for
the atomic energy. In the ancient Sanskrit text named Anu Sidhdhantam, Maharshi Goutama described three models of
micro-scopes through which atoms can be seen. We were the first to calculate the velocity of light? The
Rig Veda Bhashyam by Sayana Madhava gives the following Sloka praising the Sun. Yojanam sahasre dve, satadve, dvecha yojane Ekena nimeshardhena kramamaana namosthuthe. One Yojana equals 15788.8 meters, and half of Nimesha
equals 8/75 fraction of a second. This gives the velocity of light as 325940 km/s. We have to remember here that the
above value is an approximate one intended for easy remembrance, like remembering the value of pi as 22/7. It
is better than the value 215000 km/s given by Danish astronomer Ole Roemer in 1676. Having discovered so many
things, it is only logical to expect that our ancestors must have used light as the standard for length measurements; after all, modern science considers velocity of light to be a Universal Constant! The word “kramamaana” of the above Sloka has the hidden meaning of gradual minute change which occurs over thousands of years. Our ancient seers did not use light as a standard for length measurement. How can that “which bends” be called unchangeable? Every created thing is subject to change by time; there is nothing like an universal constant. And the velocity of light is no exception to this law. The velocity of light of our Sun was greater in Krita Yuga than what it is now, even if it is by a small fraction. The velocity of light is proportional to the stored energy in the Sun or any other star.
Modern science also accepts that the Sun has lost a lot of energy over billions of years. Then, there must be
some other stars in the universe which have greater stored energies than the Sun, and are emitting light
which is faster than that of the Sun? Yes. Modern science will confirm this after it develops more
sophisticated equipment than what they have at present. Who invented weaving? Many experts agree that primitive
gins and spinning wheels originated in India. The earliest samples of cotton fabric were found in the excavations of
the Indus Valley. Samples of the most ancient mordant dyeing technique for cotton fabrics, Kalamkari, were also
found there. The Kalamkari technique was perfected in South India and the traditional method continues till
date. The Puranas describe spinning and weaving that match the modern concept of an industry. The weaving industry
involved specialized factories working in association with domestic industries and paid at piece rates. The fibers
used for spinning and the fabrics produced were of the most varied types, unparalleled in any other country
during that period. Indians were exceptional for their skills in spinning and weaving which have not been
surpassed by peoples of other lands even in historic past. Pliny’s Natural History informs that India exported to
Rome large quantities of sheep wool, woolen fabrics, colored carpets, silks, cotton clothes, and fabrics
ranging from coarse canvas to textiles of the finest texture. Ancient Indians had the reputation of making the
thinnest saree that could pass through a finger ring. During the reign of Julius Caesar, the Roman Emperor, the
British did not know weaving and lived naked. We invented the guns? Some people in medieval Europe heard of powerful fire weapons of the India. Marco Polo (in 13th century) was financed by the king of his country with the specific purpose of finding the secret of the Indian fire weapons. Marco Polo was given gold coins and precious stones. He also brought some prostitutes to woo people, if necessary. He first tried to find the secret in
the Punjab region. They pointed a gun at him saying ” Get out of our country. Else, we will shoot you with this very
gun”. He then came to south India and tried for the secret. The south Indians were more tolerant. They told
him that the secret is not known to the public. The engineers who made the guns reside in the king’s fort
generations. The guns were kept in the armory and the public might not have even seen a gun. The guns were
brought out only at the time of emergency like a war. A few persons gave hint to Marco Polo that the knowledge of
making gun powder was given to the Chinese when some Indians visited them in ancient times. Then Marco Polo
went to China, but he could not find any guns there. The gun powder was used there for making some festival fire
crackers and rockets. He took samples of the gun powder and returned to Europe. We know that the gun powder
consists of niter, sulphur and charcoal powder. Natural niter was scarce in Europe, and what they could get from
other lands was not that pure. The world’s purest niter in its natural state is available in the mines of India. The
other problems faced by the Europeans in making the guns are lack of good metallic alloys to make the bodies of the
guns and the non-availability of good machine tools for making them. Manufacture of the guns fell into temporary
oblivion because most of them back-fired or exploded. How did the British conquer India? Not with their guns. The
first war between the Indians and the British took place at Mysore during reign of Hyder Ali. The casualties on the
British side was 90 percent and those on the Indian side was 10 percent. The British realized that their weapons
were inferior to those used by the Indians. The Indians had rockets and missiles besides guns and cannons. What is
a Sathagni? Most of us think that it is cannon. Satha means 100 and Agni means fire; it is a missile containing
100 bullets. It is launched from a cannon. It explodes after reaching its destination. Sanskrit manuscripts like
Sukra Neethi Sastra contain many formulas for making gun powder. The first item exported by the then British East
India company was Indian niter. We were the first to prepare world maps? Rig Veda mentions ships with 100 oars. The Buddhist Jataka stories wrote about large Indian ships carrying seven hundred people. History says that that Telugu
King Samudra Gupta went around the world several times. The Harivamsa informs that the first geographical survey of the world was performed during the period of king Vaivasvata. The towns, villages and demarcation of
agricultural land of that period were depicted on maps. Brahmanda Purana provides the best and the most
detailed description of world map drawn on a flat surface using an accurate scale. Padma Purana says that
world maps were prepared and maintained in book form and kept with care and safety in chests. Surya
Siddhantha speaks about construction of wooden globe representing earth and marking of horizontal circles,
equatorial circles and further divisions. Accidental finding of an old map some where can only open
questions. Any continued knowledge must have many centuries of usage. Only India has it. We invented the ships?

Europe has only soft wood trees. The ships made of those woods are good for sailing the Mediterranean or a
smaller sea. They are no good for sailing on the oceans. The ship of Vasco de Gama was about to collapse
when it reached India. It is the Indian marine engineers who repaired that ship and made it worthy
again for sea travel. Which country has the trees that provide the hardest wood? India. The Sanskrit name for
deodar tree was Deva Tharu, the tree that gives the best wood; it is native to India. Other hard woods like
teak and mahogany are also native to India. Rig Veda mentions ships with 100 oars. Such ships sailed over
seven oceans and returned to India. Visitors to India from Greece and Rome during the pre-Christian times
wrote that the Brahmins of India knew that the earth is in the form of a globe and one can reach the same place
after sailing through the seven oceans. The Buddhist Jataka stories wrote about large Indian ships carrying
seven hundred people. In the Artha Sastra, Koutilya wrote about the Board of Shipping and the Commissioner
of Port who supervised sea traffic. The Harivamsa informs that the first geographical survey of the world
was performed during the period of Vaivasvata. The towns, villages and demarcation of agricultural land of
that period were depicted on maps. Brahmanda Purana provides the best and the most detailed description of
world map drawn on a flat surface using an accurate scale. Padma Purana says that world maps were prepared
and maintained in book form and kept with care and safety in chests. Surya Siddhantha speaks about
construction of wooden globe representing earth and marking of horizontal circles, equatorial circles and
further divisions. The second item exported by the erst while British East India Company was Indian ship. A few
of these ships are still in service, and are used for training cadets of the British Navy. During World War
II, Maharajas of India have lent some hundreds of their ships to the British for use as hospital ships.
We invented steel? The Rig Veda mentions wootz steel. Evidence for the manufacture of steel in ancient times
is available in South India. The Arabians used to make a lot of money by selling Indian steel ingots to
Europe. In 1746, the queen of Britain had sent a scientist named Benjamin Hauntsman to India to obtain
the secret of making steel. Hauntsman stayed in India for some years, went back to Britain and submitted a
report to the queen. Some historic records say that he did not write the main secret and he started his
foundry in his native town. How the secret reached Henry Bessemer is unnecessary for us because his
process was essentially the Indian crucible method of making steel. Another Indian contribution to industries
in Europe was the process of casting. The frames of machine tools of that time were made of wood. Good
mechanical devices like clocks did exist in Britain as early as 1300s. They were works of skilled crafts
persons and were not products of precision machine tools. It was not until the structures of the machine
tools were cast using Indian casting method and their other components were made of hard metals using Indian
steel making method, the high precision machine tools could be made. The so called Industrial Revolution of
Europe in the 1800s heavily depended on this. India had many ancient Sanskrit texts in aeronautics. The Yantra Sarvaswa of Maharshi Bharadwaja, Vimaana Chandrika of Maharshi Narayan, Vyoma Yaana Tantra of Sounaka, and Vyoma
Yaanarka of Dandi Natha are some of them. They contained topics like Maargadhi Karana (Navigation and
control of speed during flight), Lohaadhi Karana (alloys used for various components of the aircraft)
and Saktyaadhi Karana (production and usage of various fuels used in aircrafts). Para Sabda Grahakata is a
subject of monitoring the flight tracks of aircrafts, navigatory communication system, and monitoring the
conversation of the pilots in the aircrafts. Maharshi Gouthama mentioned 32 models of aircrafts used in Treta
Yuga; only one model among them, called Pushpaka Vimaanam, became popular in the Ramayana. The
Vaimaanika Sastra describes Tripura Vimaanam that uses solar powered engine to travel at three levels – on the
land, under the surface of water, and in the air. Sakuna Vimaanam is a cross between an aircraft and a
rocket – a space shuttle. The British have robbed most of our Sanskrit manuscripts during their rule in India.
In 1895, Sivasankar Thalpad of Bombay had constructed an aircraft with an engine which flew to an altitude of
1500 feet. He was a Vedic scholar and used to teach at the J.J. School of Arts. He obtained the technology
from some rare Sanskrit manuscripts. He also wrote a book in Marathi named Praacheena Vimaana Vidye
Chaasodha. Lalaji Rayanji, Maharaja of Baroda, was one of the many witnesses who had seen the flying of that
aircraft. Dr.Roberto Pinotti, an Italian scientist, presented a paper on ‘Aeronautics in ancient India’ in the World
Space Conference conducted at Bangalore. He told the conference delegates that those aircrafts were similar
to modern jet-propelled aeroplanes. He agreed that they represent the most complex and sophisticated designs.
Some of them used radars and imaging technology instrumentation. Ancient Indians invented powder metallurgy. The Indians. The iron pillar in Delhi which does not get rust even today is the proof for it. It is not the only one of its kind; there are many more scattered through out in India. The Russians who took scrapings from the pillar confirmed that it is made using powder metallurgy technology. The so called space-age technology of today can make only small pieces using powder metallurgy; they are generally used as tips in cutting tools. How could our ancients make such a big pillar using powder metallurgy. The pillar is like a time capsule – it is challenging the world. Can we rise to the pinnacles of achievement to which our ancients had reached. they invented plastic surgery.It is fully
described by Maharshi Susruta, the ancient Ayurvedic surgeon, in his Samhita. Who invented acupuncture? The
Indians. Ancient Indians invented the martial arts. The Indians Who invented the remote sensing and imaging techniques. They discovered Advanced Astrology. They discovered Advanced Astronomy. Theydiscovered Groundwater Hydrology. We can read Brihat Samhita of Varaha Mihira. The ancient Indian method is better than the modern techniques
of using space satellites. We were the first to construct planned cities with high technology infrastructures for water supply and sewerage. We invented the hanging bridge Chinese who visited India a few thousands of years ago
wrote about our hanging bridges which used steel beams and steel ropes. Indians were the originators of all higher
knowledge in the ancient times. What is impossible for our Maharshis of yore? A Telugu poet wrote the
following line: “Pogadaraa nee thalli bhoomi Bhaarathini” – praise your mother land Bhaarati! India
was named after Bhaarati (Saraswati), the goddess of knowledge. No other ancient civilization of the world
could claim this coveted title. The world’s oldest educational institutions were located in India, and
scholars from China and Europe used to come here for learning. Another hidden meaning of the name Yilaa
Varta is Bhaarati Aalaya, the temple of goddess Bhaarati.

Even in modern times, Indians are helping others if you understand their higher intentions. About 68% of
foreign medical personnel in U.S.A are Indians. About 70% of foreign computer programers in U.S.A. are
Indians. About 50% of foreigners in U.S.A. with non-professonal degrees are Indians. The personnel who
came to U.S.A. to spread the knowledge of Indian philosophy, meditation and yoga are Indians. In around 500BC, they knew that the world was round and had a vague notion about gravity. We all are proud of our rich inheritance.

54. Ajay Khosla
India was first ruled by a king named Bharata. The name Bharath came to India by him only. Mahajanapadas means “Great kingdoms” (from Sanskrit Maha = great, Janapada = foothold of tribe = country). Ancient Buddhist texts like Anguttara Nikaya make frequent reference to sixteen great kingdoms and republics (Solas Mahajanapadas) which had evolved and flourished in the northern/north-western parts of the Indian sub-continent prior to the rise of Buddhism in India.Bimbisara the ruler of Magadh was the first successful ruler of India.

55. Pankaj Verma Agra
I strongly feel that we Indians must go to the roots of our culture and history.The Ancient India of 5000 years BC, comprised of two civilizations, the Aryans and the Harappans. Those days people used to worship Kali, the Goddess of vengeance and justice. She is pictured multi-armed with weapons in each hand. As per hindu mythology,kalki is expected to appear at the end of kaliyug and that is supposed to be the end of the world.

55. Suchita
In ancient times, India was divided into smaller kingdoms like Kalinga, Magadh, Gandhar and so on. But most of these kingdoms followed the Aryan culture, Vedic rituals and religion and similar political set ups. You could say they were all part of one civilization. That is why, the concept of India was always there- from the time of Alexender’s invasion to invasions by Sakas, Huns, Pathans, Mughals- all of them invaded ‘India’. The travellers like Hieun Tsang, Fa Huen, Ibn Batuta talked about their visits to India.
The ancient kings of the land called India as Bharat after the name of King Bharat, who had conquered the whole land. By ancient kings I mean the Aryans. Now the Aryans themselves were foreigners who settled by the river Sindhu. It is through mispronunciation that Sindhu became ‘Hindu’ or ‘Indus’ (Hinduism is therefore rather a way if life of the people who lived by the Sindhu than a religion, at least, that was what it was originally) and from there we have the names Hindusthan and India. India is called bharath varsh.According to the scriptural description of the brahmand the entire earth planet is called Bharatvarsh, but particularly the area of the continent that lies south of the Himalayas is called Bharatvarsh. It is also called Aryavart. The inhabitants of Aryavart are called the Aryans as referred to in the Rigved. Thus, the words of Bhartiya or Aryans were both used for the inhabitants of Bharatvarsh or Aryavart, however, the words Bhartiya and Bhartvarsh were more popular. Persians used to call ‘Hindu’ for the Sindhu river, which was a localized version of the word Sind.

56. P K Jain
Indology just deals with ancient Indian texts and translations into different languages. Indology does not only deal with ancient historical period. History looks for evidence of “what actually happened” and it uses sources other than texts. It also contextualizes texts and sets standards for thier credibility, whether they should be read as fact or fantasy, etc. The main theory of some western Indologists is that the Vedic culture was not an indigenous development, but was brought to India as a result of the Aryan Invasion. However, I understand, there are some scholars like Dr M V Mohan, Who refused to trust in this theory. I feel that the research is a great scholarly work.

57. Mukesh Verma
This is an interesting web site for the students of Ancient History. The Bronze Age period of Ancient India was characterized by the use of copper & Bronze as the chief hard materials in the manufacture of some implements and weapons. Chronologically, it stands between the stone Age & Iron Age. During the past few centuries of detailed, scientific study of the Bronze Age, it has become clear that on the whole, the use of copper or bronze was only the most stable and therefore the most diagnostic part of a cluster of features marking the period. . The Stone Age in India begins with the Palaeolithic and terminates after the Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age). The Palaeolithic dates back to the geological era of Middle Pleistocene. Palaeolithic sites abound in Peninsular India, and are found more prominently at Pallavaram in Tamil Nadu, Hunsgi in Karnataka, Kuliana in Orissa, Didwana in Rajasthan, and Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh. The Mesolithic sites far outnumber the Palaeolithic ones, and are located all over the country.

58. Ajay Pal
There are ample evidences in the form of coins & inscription discovered that in Ancient India, there existed a very Civilized Economy. Agro-pastoralism was the mainstay of the civilisation’s economy. Besides, coastal communities also exploited a wide range of marine life for their subsistence. Ample evidence to this effect has been found in Kuntasi in Gujarat. The Indus Valley Civilisation was also very well versed in the craft of bead making, ceramics and shell. Indus Valley Civilisation was known for its trade, both domestic and foreign, its system of weights and measures, its written script and religious beliefs. Excavations conducted in a number of megalithic sites have revealed a substantial amount of artifacts, indicative of a pastoral economy, warfare and rudimentary trade and exchange between settlements. Some prominent megalithic sites of South India are found at Brahmagiri, Maski and Rajan Kalur in Karnataka, Bhagimari in Maharashtraand the north and south Arcot districts in Tamil Nadu. Interestingly, the Megalithic tradition has continued in certain tribal areas, especially among the Gadabas of Orissa, Gonds of Bastar, and the Bodosof northeast India, who still erect menhirs (monoliths) as commemorative symbols for the deceased.

60. Subodh Sharma
This is matter of pride for us that India was a capital of the world as far as learning & knowledge is concerned. There were several centers of learning & universities in ancient times. Many of these institutions were were Buddhist monasteries. Details are as given below:
Taxila, near present-day Islamabad, Pakistan (7th century BCE – 460 CE)
Nālandā, about 55 miles south east of present-day Patna in Bihar (circa 450[1] – 1193 CE)
Odantapuri, in Bihar (circa 550 – 1040 CE)
Somapura, now in Bangladesh (from the Gupta period to the Muslim conquest)
Jagaddala, in Bengal (from the Pala period to the Muslim conquest)
Nagarjunakonda, in Andhra Pradesh
Vikramaśīla, in Bihar (circa 800 – 1040 CE)
Valabhi, in Gujarat (from the Maitrak period to the Arab raids)
Varanasi in UP (8th century to modern times)
Kanchipuram, in Tamil Nadu
Manyakheta, in Karnataka
Sharada Peeth, in Kashmir
Puspagiri, in Orissa .

61. Ravi Mittal
Ancient temples remind us about our rich cultural inheritance. these sites were not only places for religious worshiping meditation & learning centres but were also conference halls & meeting points of public & rulers. War strategies were discussed in our ancient temples. Famous temples were Kashi Vishvanath Temple in Varanasi, Somanath temple in Gujarat, Brahma temple in Pushkar, Jagannath temple in Puri, Rama temple at Hampi, Chennakeshava temple in Halebid, Karnataka, Varadaraja temple in Kanchi, Ranganatha temple in Shrirangam, Venkatesha temple in Tirupati, Brihadeeshvara temple at Tanjavur, the Nataraja temple at Chidambaram, and the Sri Krishna temple at Udupi etc

62. Mrs Amiita Sharma Karnal
The book “Ram Mahima – Geeta Saar” authored by Dr L D Mohan emphasises on the need to practice or karma as advised by Krishna, which is most important. Original Vedic ideology is reflected totally in this book on Ram Mahima & Geeta Saar. There may be changes in original text of Ram Mahima based on prevailing time difference between Shri Krishana and Lord Ram and the teachings of Shri Ram and krishana have under gone changes .I feel We must pick up universally good and noble advises from the Saints & Rulers of Ancient India like Shri Ram & Shri Krishana to build our society.

63. Mrs Ram Dulari Sharma Kota
Pleasure and pain are the products of the desire which has its roots in ignorance about our reality. The veil of ignorance can only be removed if we have knowledge about our Religion & traditions and gain thorough knowledge on spirituality. I strongly feel that the religious books authored by Dr LD Mohan fulfils this purpose up to a great extent. An Indian Saint named Thirumoolar had once said “Shed the desire even if it is towards God as desire arises only when there is a feeling of me & myself – A feeling of separateness, a feeling of imperfection. Desire is the root cause of all our sufferings. Desire produces thoughts and thoughts, which are turned into action. Once the desire is fulfilled the feeling of joy is felt. When the desire is not fulfilled sorrow arises and pain is felt and this cycle of pleasure and pain is repeated throughout the life. We must try to stay above pleasures & pains of life, which is possible only if we are aware of our religious & spiritual inheritance.

64. Tomas Piserchio

This is the best blog for anyone who desires to find out about this subject. You notice so much its almost difficult to argue on the subject. You undoubtedly put a brand new spin on a subject thats been written about for ages. Nice stuff, simply nice!
65 Janeen Horrocks
I could not resist commenting. Very well written!
66. Deanne Gangadyal
A very nice blog you could have here. I like your typing style and it’s very informative posts, I’ll get back here again!
67. Autumn Lucy
You actually make it seem so easy with your presentation but I find this topic to be actually something which I think I would never understand. It seems too complex and extremely broad for me. I am looking forward for your next post, I will try to get the hang of it!

68. Savanna Norstrand
Great work you’ve done. Good content and i like spending 15 minutes a day watchin all the new posts. Great job, thanx !!

68. Rudolf Ruggieri

I must express my thanks to you just for bailing me out of such a condition. As a result of surfing throughout the world-wide-web and seeing proposals which are not beneficial, I was thinking my entire life was well over. Living without the strategies to the problems you’ve resolved through the guide is a critical case, and ones that might have in a negative way affected my entire career if I hadn’t noticed the website. Your good knowledge and kindness in controlling a lot of things was excellent. I am not sure what I would have done if I hadn’t come across such a solution like this. I am able to now relish my future. Thank you so much for the reliable and sensible help. I will not think twice to refer your blog to anybody who should get tips on this problem.

69. Rosalyn Santibanez

I have been absent for a while, but now I remember why I used to love this blog. Thank you, I¡¦ll try and check back more often. How frequently you update your site?

70. Lorenzo Moultry

I must express my respect for your kind-heartedness giving support to individuals who require help with this important study. Your personal commitment to passing the solution across was surprisingly invaluable and has empowered employees like me to attain their objectives. Your amazing useful tutorial entails this much a person like me and additionally to my colleagues. Thanks a lot; from everyone of us.
71. Richie Bendel

Good day! I just want to give you a big thumbs up for the great information you have here on this post. I’ll be coming back to your site for more soon.
72. Santosh Kumari Sharma
Ancient India with great civilisation during vedic period, witnessed several invasions. The dark period witnessed destruction of the historical old Vedic period records. End of the vedic era brought a gleam of light with Buddhist epoch but shortly there after disappeared from india. However Budhist belief continued to influence culture & religious belief in India & some of the surrounding countries.The translation of ancient india inscriptions in English Hindi & Sanskrit is indeed a great effort by Dr M V Mohan

73. S R Hussain
Asoka, in the third century B.C., may have united the whole of the north of India under his sway, but nothing
of the sort seems again to have occurred till nearly 2,000 years afterwards, when the Moguls under Akbar and Aurangzib nearly accomplished the task of uniting India under one roof. There seems certainly no physical reason why India,
like China, should not always have been one country, and governed, at least by one dynasty. Yet there is no credible record of any such event in the ancient history of India.

74. A Osmani

The great difficulty in understanding Ancient Indian History,is that it was never never inhabited by one race, but in ancient historical times, it was ruled by different & distinct races of mankind. It is, indeed, to this great fact that we owe to different rulers that we witness wonderful diversity of people from india. Ancient India seems to have been divided into small kingdoms and was never organised to be capable of resisting any of the invaders.

75. Manjula Sharma Teacher

When the Aryans, descending from the plateau of central Asia, first crossed the Indus to occupy the plains of the Panjab, they found some part of the country occupied by some race apparently in a very low state of civilisation. The Vedic Period is distinguished by the Indo-Aryan culture which was associated with the texts of Vedas, sacred to Hindus, and that were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedic era in the subcontinent lasted from about 1500-500 BCE, laying down the foundation of Hinduism and other cultural dimensions of early Indian society. The Aryans laid down Vedic civilization all over North India, particularly in the Gangetic Plain in the more fertile parts of the country, where the Aryans established themselves. They, probably, in the course of time, got absorbed with this native population.

76. Shiv Kumar Gaud Lecturer Ram Jas School Faridabad
One of the great races of Ancient India are the Dravidians, who now occupy the whole of the southern part of the peninsula, as far as north up to Krishna river. Their existence can be traced in places up to northwest region. In the modern times speakers of the various Dravidian languages have mainly occupied the southern portion of India, nothing definite is known about the ancient domain of the Dravidian parent speech. It is, however, a well-established and well supported hypothesis that Dravidian speakers must have been widespread throughout India, including northwest region. Most linguists believe that Dravidian-speaking people were spread throughout India before Indo-Aryan migrations. Early ancient indian civilization by some scholars is often identified as Dravidian. Cultural and linguistic similarities with Sanskrit is being cited by some researchers as an evidence for a proto-Dravidian origin of the ancient Indus Valley civilization.
77. S A Khan

About the year 3000 BC long before the Arise of the Semitic nations, among whom the Babylonians, Assyrians, Israelites, and later the Arabians, were most prominent, there lived in Mesopotamia an ancient Greek nation, which was known by the name of Accad. And, strange to say, the Accadians were a dark race. They were called as “blackheads” or “blackfaces. Accadian races, who formed the sub- stratum of the population in Babylonia in very ancient times. It is not however known from where they first entered India, but definitely they entered india by sea and not by road. Generally it is supposed that it was across the Lower Indus, because affinities have been traced between their language and that of the Brahms, who occupy a province of Baluchistan. It may be, however, that the Brahuis are only an outlying portion of the ancient inhabitants of Mesopotamia, and may never have had any direct communication further east. There is no trace of their passage to India from Sindh or in any of the countries to the north of the Nerbudda or Taptee.
In the time of Asoka, however (BC. 250), we learn from Indian inscriptions, that the Dravidians had settled into the kingdoms ie the Chola, Chera, and Pandya, which endured till very recent times. From their architecture we know that these states afterwards developed into a comparatively high state of civilisation.

78. kalyan gupta
I do not think by referring to Alexander as not so great is not a very acceptable thing. I see no mention of The onset of the muslim invasions,the roles of Prithviraj Chauhan in thwarting them several times.You have also not mentioned anything about the Delhi Sultanate beginning with Qutb-ud-Din Aibak and ending with Ibrahim Lodhi prior to the Moghul Empire.I think it forms a very important part of our History. Please ensure that it is purely informative and not biased…interpretaions and debates can ensue here after.
79. Kaczor98@gmail.com
You don’t have a donate button! I’d definitely donate to this superb blog! I suppose for now i’ll settle for bookmarking and adding your RSS feed to my Google account. I look forward to brand new updates and will talk about this website with my Facebook group. Chat soon!
80.Tennent@ymail.com
Magnificent goods from you, man. I’ve understand your stuff previous to and you’re just too magnificent. I really like what you’ve written here, Certainly like what you are stating and the way in which you say it. You make it enjoyable and you still care for to keep it smart. I cant wait to read far more from you. This is actually a tremendous website.

81. R Hudson

I understand that the Aryans never attempted to exterminate the original inhabitants of the land. On the contrary, they used them as herdsmen or cultivators of the soil. Aryan superseded their religion by their own higher and purer faith, and obliterated, by their superiority, all traces of any peculiar civilisation they may have possessed. At the same time, though they never seem to have attempted physically, to conquer or colonise the south, they did so intellectually. Colonies of Brahmans from the northern parts of India introduced the literature and religion of the Aryans into the country and thus produced a uniformity of culture, which at first sight looks like a mingling of race. Fortunately their architecture and their arts enable us to detect at a glance how essentially different they were, and have always remained. Notwithstanding this, the intellectual superiority of the Aryans made so marked an impression during long ages on their less highly organised neighbours in the south, that without some such material evidence to the contrary, it might be contended that the fusion was complete. There are no doubt many instances where families and even tribes of different races still remain in India, keeping apart from the rest, and retaining the purity of their blood to a wonderful extent. But as a rule they are so mixed in locality and so commingled in blood, that it is extremely difficult, at times, to define the limits of relationship that may have existed between any one of the various people of modern India
82. Vishu Singh
wesome site! You’ve some quite interesting posts.. Nice background too haha. Keep up the nice work, Ill make sure to come across and find out really your page!
83. ashley22—-@gmail.com Just wanted to say that I read your blog quite frequently and I’m always amazed at some of the stuff people post here. But keep up the good work, it’s always interesting.
84. amank—- @gmail.com
Many thanks for developing the effort to discuss this, I feel strongly about this and like studying a great deal more on this subject. If feasible, as you gain expertise, would you mind updating your webpage having a great deal much more info? It is very beneficial for me.
85. Hyun Werley
Hello there, You have done an incredible job. I’ll definitely digg it and personally recommend to my friends. I’m sure they will be benefited from this website.
84. Sita Ram Sharma
At the time of Alexander the distortion of Indian history had started showing its ugly head. And had only gone to the extreme length of deformation. The works of some local dynasties like Porus, impelled to erect our own monuments. Our history can be traced to the great Aryan Sanskrit speaking race of northern India, and for our present purposes, we
need not trouble ourselves to investigate the history of Alexander or his so called his greatness.
We all are aware that accession of Mauryas is, as nearly one half of the period, 6,000 years during which ancient historians tell us 153 monarchs succeeded one another on the throne of India. As this is as nearly as may be the number of kings, whose names are recorded in the Puranas, where in Indians had ruled the entire region of Ancient India and We were governed by our own laws and not the laws of invaders.

85. Geoffroy
My spouse and I absolutely love your blog and find a lot of your post’s to be precisely what I’m looking for. Does one offer guest writers to write content for you? I wouldn’t mind publishing a post or elaborating on some of the subjects you write with regards to here. Again, awesome web site!

86. Madhav The blogger has provided excellent information on our ancient cultural inheritance After reading this blog we feel proud to know about our roots. I shall definitely recommend this blog to my friends

87. Nolan Ruopp  Hi ! I’m really glad I have found this information. Today bloggers publish just about gossips and web and this is actually irritating. A good web site with interesting content, that’s what I need. Thank you for keeping this web-site, I will be visiting it. Do you do newsletters? Can not find it

88. Janae Rathbum   Fantastic goods from you, man. I have consider your stuff prior to and you’re just too magnificent. I really like what you have got here, certainly like what you are saying and the way in which wherein you assert it. You’re making it enjoyable and you still care for to keep it wise. I cant wait to read far more from you. That is actually a tremendous site.

89 जमना शंकर ठाकुर भोपाल आपके द्वारा निम्न पुस्तकों के प्रतियाँ प्राप्त हुई ! हमारा पूर्वज अयोडिया के प्रमुख राजा और सिख पन्त एक परिचय ! मैंने पुस्तकें पढ़ी ! आप भारतीय संस्कृति की गूढ़ बातों को जन सामान्य में सरल भाषा में उपलब्द करा रही हैं ! यह बहुत मूल्यवान सेवा है !

90 प्रेम सिंह बजाज प्रिंसीपल retd   पंजाबी साहित्य अकादेमी ludhiana आपकी और से पुस्तकों का पार्सल प्राप्त हुआ ! पंजाबी साहित्य अकादेमी की और से आभार प्रकट कुरता हूँ और धन्यवाद् देता हूँ ! भारतीय संस्कृति के सरंक्षण हेतु आपका प्रयास सराहनी है !
91  राम भाऊ तेलंग भोपाल शुब कामनाओं के साथ अभिनन्दन ! आपका प्रयास सराहनी है ! आज भारत  विघटन शक्तियों से झूझ रहा है ! महा भारत हुआ है होता रहेगा औरआगे  भी होता रहे गा ! मुझे यकीन है की हम एन मुश्किल परिस्थितियों से उभर कर आएंगे ! आप एश्वारिया कार्य में सलंगन रहें ! आपको खूब यश   मिले गा !
92 मदन लाल छिब्बर आगरा  अपने अंडमान निकोबार द्वीप समूह पुस्तक में भर पूर मेहनत की है !   आपकी पुस्तक से द्वीप समूह के बारे में पूरी जानकारी हो गयी ! एस के लिए आप बधाई    के पात्र हैं ! पुस्तक में जो बलिदानियों के फोटो छपे   हैं वो भी एक छाप छोड़ते हैं !  इतनी मेहनत और लगन से किये आपके कार्य की मैं प्रशंसा किये बगैर नहीं रह सकता ! भगवन आपको दीरर्ग आयु दे !
93 सुखराज दत्त Gurgaon  आप इतिहासिक और धार्मिक   लेखों द्वारा हमारी बिरादरी का ज्ञान बढ़ा रही हैं ! यह एक बढ़े गौरव की बात है की आप जैसी विदूषी  हमारी   बिरादरी में हैं ! हिन्दू    होने के नाते वेद शास्त्रों का   ज्ञान आवश्यक है ! इस दिशा में आपका परियास सराहनी  है ! मैं यह मानता हूँ की युवा को संस्कृत और इतिहास का ज्ञान अनिवार्य है !
94 Shri B L Chhibber Formerly Commissioner of Income Tax Panjab  आप द्द्वारा लिखित पुस्तकें प्राप्त हुई ! बहुत प्रासनता हुई और बहुत बहुत आभार ! मुझे और भी  प्रासन्ता हुई की आप स्वर्गीय वसिष्ठ देव जी की प्रम्प्रता को आगे बढ़ाते  हुए , विद्वत पूर्ण ज्ञान वर्दन अवं इतिहासिक तथ्यों पर आधारित ग्रंथों का सृजन कर मानवता का कल्याण कर रही हैं !भगवन से प्राथना है की आपको दीर्ग आयु दें ताकि आप भविष्य  में भी एससी उच्च कोटि की रचनाएँ सृजन करें !
95. आपके द्वारा लिखित पुस्तक अंडमान निकोबार द्वीपसमूह पढ़ कर बहुत प्रसन्नता हुई ! पूष्टाळ बहुत अच्छी लिखी हुई है ! तथ्यों की जानकारी विधिवत अवम प्रयाप्त रूप दी गयी है ! आपने एस पुस्तक को लिख कर एक बहुत बढ़ी आवश्यकता के पूर्ती की है ! ऐसी पुस्तकों से ही हमारे देश के उपेक्षित   भागों से हमारा भावात्मक सम्बन्ध बने गा ! ओंकार भावे सयुंक्त महामंत्री विश्व हिन्दू परिषद्
96 Shri R T MOHAN

I shall always remain grateful to Late Dr. Vasishtha Dev Mohan. Even when he was ailing, he agreed to go through the manuscript of my book AFGNANISTAN REVISITED and gave very meaningful advice. He was to write its Forward but unfortunately he was no more by the time it was ready for publication.
My focus was on Early Indo-Islamic Period (650-1000 CE). Hindu states of Zabul and Kabul (southern Afghnistan)successfully defended the Khyber Pass from Muslim arms for more than five centuries – providing relief to India from foreign invasions. The Ghaznavids first destroyed their masters – the Samanids of Bukhara – and then turned towards India. The Muslim rulers of India kept these not-so-pleasant developments of that period under the wraps and history books in India continue to follow the same truncated format.
The book AFGANISTAN REVISITED: The Brahmana Hindu Shahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab (c. 840-1026) is available from the General Mohyal Sabha, A-9, Qutub Institutional Area, USO Road, Jeet Singh Marg, New Delhi. 110067

e. mail gmsoffice2003@yahoo.co.in

 

20 thoughts on “Comments”

  1. Huge wealth of knowledge to enrich valuable heritage of ancient hinduism.The depth of research work speaks volumes of lifetime devotion in learning traditional remains of community and its exposure/availibility is not only for enlightenment of heart & minds of entire hindu community but for update on legacy of the family and the amulgum of knowledge thirsty intellects other community as well

  2. Received from Anonymous
    Architecture in Ancient and Medieval times in India
    Starting from the urban architecture of the Harappan civilization to the contemporary architecture of India, change has always been vital. Indian architecture of the old has taken influences liberally from the regular inflow of cultures coming to India. In turn, India has also played a major role in influencing and shaping the architecture of South East Asian countries. The British left the President House and colonial architecture of New Delhi and Mumbai such as Gateway of India, Victoria Terminus etc as prominent examples of European Architecture. Each monument is a strikingly splendid specimen of incredible artistry, shrouding a sense of mystery, intrigue and romance. Be it the marvel in white marble, the unparalleled Taj Mahal, one of the seven wonders of the world; or the red stone splendor, the imposing Red Fort; or the magnificence of temple art of Khajuraho, Konark and Hampi, therein is evident the master craftsmanship and elegance, that brings to the fore the grandeur of the bygone era.

    The talent of the shilpis or the Indian artisans’ is till date visible in the temples constructed centuries ago. The sculptures boast of creativity and hard work. The numerous sculptures on temple walls are all carved out of hard rock & have lasted centuries. Rock-cut architecture was first perfected by the Buddhists, and was followed by several Hindu rulers. In Southern India, the Pallavas excelled in this art form. The sculptures or idols in temples are made of granite & the Utsava murthis are made of bronze & panchaloha. Apart from these, there are the huge Iyyanar statues & horses exist in South Indian villages. Every village city or state in India has some form of craft traditions in embroidery, metalwork, pottery, terracotta, jewelry work or other form of art.

    Some of the Major Architecture in Ancient & Medieval Times in India
    Chittorgarh Fort Dilwara Temple, Mount Abu Fort of Rohtas
    Janjira Fort, Maharashtra Palitana Temples Karkala Temple, Karnataka
    Temples of Chennai Ramappa Temple The Meenakshi Temple
    Temples of South India Brihadeeswara Temple, Thanjavur Shore Temple, Chennai
    Temples of Bhubaneswar Venkateshwara Temple Yogini Temples, Orissa
    Kiradu Temples, Rajasthan Khiching Tour Temples of Tamil Nadu
    The Saraswat Temples, Goa Gangaikondacholapuram, Tanjore Ashokan Inscriptions
    Dwarka

    INDIAN SCULPTURE

    Indian architecture is as old as the history of the civilization. The earliest remains of recognizable building activity in the Indian subcontinent dates back to the third millennium in the Indus Valley cities. These cities are among man’s earliest attempts to organise urban environment. The Great baths of Mohenjodaro are some of the good examples of building .

    THE HINDU TEMPLES

    Among India’s ancient monuments , the most characteristic are the Hindu Temples. Regardless of their size they are easily recognised by the typical pyramidal spire. Countryside in South India is filled with pyramidal spire of the temples. The temples of Kanchipuram, Madurai, Srirangam, Rameswaram and other centres of pilgrimage in the South are busy places of worship. There counterparts in the North are only the ancient city of Varanasi. Hindu temples were destroyed in the North by the Muslim invaders.

    Temples built in the areas which were not easily accessible survived like like Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh, and Bhubaneswar and Konark in Orissa, where they could escape the destruction done by the invaders.

    Normally the temples were built near a source of water, as water is an essential commodity for the worshippers for ablutions. The symbolic meaning runs through the architecture of the temple itself with its three parts, namely, the base, the walls and the spire, corresponding to Earth, the intervening space and Heaven.

    THE STUPA

    They are mound-shaped , they enshrine the relics either of the Buddha or of a great figure of the Buddhist church. From beginning they were an elaborate structure with beautiful sculpture adorning the encircling balustrades and the gateways. The finest example of the sculpture is the Stupa at Sanchi, dating from the 3rd century before Christ. The Stupas have episodes from the life of the Buddha are shown together with the various deities of the folk religion, which the Buddhist religion had absorbed.

    ROCK-CUT ARCHITECTURE

    Rock-cut architecture took turn with the Buddhist reign and remarkable Buddhist monuments were produced in areas such as Bihar in the east and Maharashtra in the west. Natural grottos and caves in the hillside were excavated by the Buddhist monks and turned into glorious prayer halls and monasteries. Though these were rock cut architecture the style closely resembled that of the earlier brick and wood buildings. Monks carved windows and balconies and gates in the shape of huge arch shaped openings. Under these monks the rock cut architecture reached heights which has no parallel in the world. One of the superb examples is the temple at Mammallapuram.

    MAURYAN SCULPTURE

    Lion Capital in the Sarnath Museum which is the state seal of India is an example of Mauryan stone sculpture. Mauryan stone sculpture has a style of monumentally majestic power, which has the finish of an exquisitely finished polish that has not lost its shine even today.

    As the Buddhism took whole country under its influence, its impact was seen on the architectural sculptures such as the great Stupas of Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda. Here, the sculptor’s has practised the art on marble in bas-relief which possesses great animation and nervous energy. The scenes depict the social life of the times and often relate the elevating tales of life of the Buddha.

    CAVE ARCHITECTURE-BUDDHIST AND HINDU

    In 3rd century BC cave architecture flourished and in the western coast where the quality of the rock made them suitable for excavation. The caves were basically used by the Buddhist monks as temples to worship Buddha and also to live in. The great cave at Karla is one the examples of cave architecture. This cave is big in size and the interior is lighted up by the great window giving a feel of benevolence and peace. The human couples which are sculpted are full of grace, elegance and free rhythm.

    In the later period cave architecture was developed by the Hindus. Whose outstanding examples are the great cave temples at Badami, Elephanta and Ellora. The other examples are at the Elephanta Caves near Bombay. The Mahesmurti of Elephanta Caves represent Shiva in his three aspects of Creator, Preserver and Destroyer, is no doubt one of the finest single piece Indian sculptures. The great Buddhist, Hindu and Jain rock temples of Ellora are all splendid examples though the most outstanding work is the Kailasa Temple of 8th century. This was made out of a rock which has the appearance of a small man-made mountain, duplicating the heavenly mountain-abode of Lord Shiva.

    THE GOLDEN AGE OF INDIAN ART – THE GUPTA PERIOD

    In the Gupta period from 320-495 AD temple sculpture reached perfection therefore this period is known as the Golden Age of Indian Art. Though temple architecture had yet to be developed. The figures carved during this period were full of grace, vitality and spiritual feelings. Hindu iconography reached its form in this period which it possesses even to this day can be seen in the Dasavatara temple at Deogarh.

    TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE (MEDIEVAL)

    The temple architecture developed after Gupta period. The pyramidal spire which became a characteristic of North Indian temple was developed in this period. There was a wave of temple architecture throughout the country in the 10th and 11th centuries . The examples of which are the great temples of Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh (10th – 11th centuries) and Bhubaneswar in Orissa (8th-11th centuries). The marble Jain temples at Dilwara (11th- 13th centuries) represent a late phase of this style.

    The temples were lavishly decorated with sculptures not an individual piece but as elaborate decoration all over the walls, interlinked with each other. Deities can be seen in various poses which were ******. Like couples in different amorous poses and attitudes. Mythical animals, in various combinations of elephant, lion and bird, are popular motifs. Also, there are long friezes depicting scenes of hunt and court as well as processions of soldiers. This eroticism in medieval Indian sculpture has no one explanation though it is essential to say that the bliss of ultimate spiritual union in Hindu is thought as comparable to physical union.

    TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE OF THE SOUTH

    Perfection of temple architecture took place from the 7th century. From this century the whole country was taken under the fever constructing temples especially in South India. Though the largest masterpiece of Indian temple in North India is probably the Konark temple. And the largest temple surviving in the South India is the Brihadeesvara Temple at Thanjavur, constructed by the Chola king , Rajaraja I, towards the end of the 10th century.

    Halebid, Belur and Somnathpur in Karnataka are medieval temples which have rich carvings on them, made possible by the quality of the soft stone which hardens on exposure.

    MUSLIM ARCHITECTURE

    Muslim architecture which can be traced to the first Turkish invasions and gradually acquires a distinct national character that distinguishes it from the architecture of Islam. Many fine early monuments are to be found in Delhi, the most famous being the Jama Masjid, built by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, near the famous Qutub Minar in early 13th Century. The most splendid phase of Muslim architecture in India, however , was the one initiated by the Mughals under Emperor Akbar. The Agra Fort and the deserted capital city of Fatehpur Sikri and Sikandra near Agra are all fine examples of Muslim architecture. And of course the Taj Mahal one of the seven wonders of the world is beyond any comparison.

    Indian architecture is that vast tapestry of production of the Indian Subcontinent that encompasses a multitude of expressions over space and time, transformed by the forces of history considered unique to the sub-continent, sometimes destroying, but most of the time absorbing. The result is an evolving range of architectural production that none the less retains a certain amount of continuity across history.

    Indus-Sarasvati Civilization and the Vedic Village
    The earliest production in the Indus Valley Civilization was characterised by well planned cities and houses where religion did not seem to play an active role. The presence of drainage systems and public baths showed advanced standards of hygiene and sanitation and ingenious planning. The Vedic village had certain distinct characteristics that influenced subsequent architectural production. The Vedic grama could have a pur, or a fort-like structure within it. The Vedic hymns speak of “purs” made of stone and metal.

    The Vedas have many words for houses. It appears that the main distinction was between chhardis ( house with a thatched roof), harmyam (a house of brick and stone that had a courtyard in the middle), and gotra (a multi-dwelling complex with sheds for animals). The Rig-Veda speaks once of a palace with 1000 doors, and twice of a palace with 1000 columns.

    Buddhist and Jaina Architecture
    Buddhism gained prominence during the reign of the emperor Ashoka. It is primarily represented by three important building types- the Chaitya Hall (place of worship), the Vihara (monastery) and the Stupa (hemispherical mound for worship/ memory)- exemplified by the magnificent caves of Ajanta and Ellora and the monumental Sanchi Stupa. The Greek influence led the Indian architecture of the time, especially the rock-cut art, to fall under one of the two categries: the Mathura school of art which was strictly Indian in spirit and did not adopt from the Greek styles, and the Gandharva school of art which incorporated influences of the Greek art. The division of Buddhism into Hinayana and Mahayana phases also influenced the nature of rock-cut art, the former being represented by artefacts used by the Buddha, and the latter by images of the Buddha.

    The Jaina temples are characterised by a richness of detail that can be seen in the Dilwara Temples in Mt. Abu.

    Temples

    The reference to temples in literature go back early with Panini (520 BC – 460 BC) and Patanjali mentioning temples which were called prasadas. Early beginnings of Hindu temple architecture have been traced to the remains at Aihole and Pattadakal in present day Karnataka, and have Vedic altars and late Vedic temples as described by Panini as models. Later, as more differentiation took place, the Dravidian/ Southern style and or the Indo-Aryan/ Northern/ Nagara style of temple architecture emerged as dominant modes, epitomised in productions such as the magnificent Brihadeeswara Temple, Thanjavur, and the Sun Temple, Konark. The older terminologies of Dravidian and Indo-Aryan are not used in current practice because of their racial and dubious origins. Buddhist elements and motifs have influenced temple architecture to a considerable extent.

    Early temples were rock-cut, later structural temples evolved. The Kailasanatha temple at Ellora is a good example of the former, excavated from top to bottom out of a massive rock face.

    The pyramid formed an essential architectonic element in any temple composition- stepped in the Dravidian style, stepped and slightly curved in the Northern style. The structural system was essentially trabeated and with stone being the basic raw material for the Indian craftsman, construction could be carried out with minimal or no mortar. Decoration was fundamental to Indian architecture and is seen in the myriad details of figured sculpture as well as in the architectural elements. The concept of fractals has been used to examine the form of the Hindu temple, both in terms of its planning and external appearance.

    The garba-griha or the womb chamber forms the central focus housing the deity of the temple and is provided with a circumambulation passage around. However, there are also many subsidiary shrines within temple complexes, more particularly in the South Indian (the Dravidian style) temple. As the Hindu temple is not meant for congregational worship, the garba-griha is small in scale when compared to the whole temple complex. However, it is articulated externally by the vimana or the sikhara. Pillared halls or mandapas are found preceding the garba-griha.

    The spatial experience of a South Indian temple complex is considered particularly rich and meaningful. In many of them, such as the Ranganathaswamy temple at Srirangam, the concentric enclosures or prakaras along with the series of gopurams or entrance gateways reducing in scale as they move towards the garbha-griha set up a rhythm of solids and voids as well as providing a ritual and visual axis.The principles of temple architecture were codified in treatises and canons such as Manasara, Mayamatam, and Vaastu Shastra. These offered an ordering framework yet allowed a certain latitude for contextual articulation.

    Today most of the ancient Hindu architecture thrives in temples of south India and south-east Asia as the subsequent forces of Islam transformed the cultural landscape of India more dominantly in the north.

    Influence of Islam and the Mughal Architecture
    With the advent of Islam, the erstwhile Indian architecture was slightly adapted to allow the traditions of the new religion, but it remained strongly Indian at its heart and character. Arches and domes began to be used and the mosque or masjid too began to form part of the landscape, adding to a new experience in form and space. The sahn or the open courtyard for congregational worship with the enclosing cloisters or liwans and the sanctuary at the Western end offered a different architectural vocabulary. The fundamental difference lay in the fact that Islam prohibited idol worship and therefore a concentrated point of focus such as the garba-griha was unnecessary. However, the mihrab on the Western wall of the sanctuary articulating the Qibla or the direction towards Mecca offered a notional focus. As idolatory was prohibited, the main means of adornment was surface decoration through the use of geometry, arabesque and calligraphy. Later, mosques began to be built with original material. The Jami masjid at Delhi is a representative example of an Indian mosque. Islamic architecture was also represented by distinct regional styles that drew a lot of inspiration from the local context.

    The most famous Islamic buildings in India emerged during the Mughal period. Mughal architecture built on the traditional Hindu architecture with influences from the Persian world. Over time, Hindu and Islamic architecture produced a synthesis that is exemplified in the glorious production of Akbar- the city of Fatehpur Sikri, considered by many to be superior to the Taj Mahal (often seen as representing India) in terms of what it has to teach to civilisation- syncretism, tolerance and the best of different worlds, and the Taj itself, renowned for its beauty in white marble, its intricate engravings, its minarets and its setting.

    The most popular Islamic building type in India is the tomb or the mausoleum which evolved from the basic cube and hemisphere vocabulary of the early phase into a more elaborate form during the Mughal period where multiple chambers are present and tombs were set in a garden known as the char-bagh. The tomb chamber houses the cenotaph below which is the grave. Well known examples are the Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur and the Taj Mahal, Agra.

    Secular Architecture
    The colonial attention towards Indian architecture was mainly focused towards religious buildings and hence there is much scholarship in this area. In recent times, the secular production of India is gaining the attention it merits. Cities of the desert region in the North such as Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, towns such as Srirangam in Tamil Nadu evolving around the temple as nucleus, the stepped wells of Gujarat, the vernacular architecture of the warm, humid area of Kerala- all these are unique in their response to socio-cultural and geographic context.

    Architecture Under the Colonial Rule
    With colonization, a new chapter began. Though the Dutch, Portuguese and the French made substantial forays, it was the English who had a lasting impact.

    The architecture of the colonial period varied from the beginning attempts at creating authority through classical prototypes to the later approach of producing a supposedly more responsive image through what is now termed Indo-Saracenic architecture- a mixture of Hindu, Islamic and Western elements. Institutional, civic and utilitarian buildings such as post offices,railway stations, etc., began to be built in large numbers over the whole empire. Perhaps the most famous example is the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) in Mumbai, originally named in honor of Queen Victoria. The creation of New Delhi in early 20th century with its broad tree lined roads and majestic buildings generated lots of debate on what should be an appropriate architecture for India.

    Post-independence architecture of India
    With the introduction of Modern Architecture into India and later with Independence, the quest was more towards progress as a paradigm fuelled by Nehruvian visions. The planning of Chandigarh- a city most architects hate/love- by Le Corbusier was considered a step towards this. Later as modernism exhausted itself in the West and new directions were sought for, in India too there was a search for a more meaningful architecture rooted in the Indian context. This direction called Critical Regionalism is exemplified in the works of architects such as B.V. Doshi, Charles Correa, etc.,

    Conclusion
    Indian architecture as it stands today is a pluralistic body of production that cannot in all justice be exemplified by the approaches, buildings and architects cited above.It has evolved over the centuries and has been affected by numerous invaders aho have brought different styles from their motherlands.But it is an unavoidable fact that certain expressions tend to get magnified and others reduced when set against the vast canvas of the world. In that sense, there is a distillation to an essence that does not have all the ingredients. A more representative selection can occur only at a deeper level of study.

  3. We all must say
    “I see God, I hear God and I feel God”

    This life is test for all the humans to recognise and obey Him. Every moment is a test. Few may be tested by wealth, poverty, health problems, death of the near and dear, loss of property and so many things. U cannot find an individual who is not undergoing this test of this life. Be it George Bush or Bill Gates or a poor man. God gave us free will. to act. We can go right or wrong. We can do good or bad. We must have “Faith in Unseen”. Meditation is that part ofGod that helps man to control his actions and lead his life with perseverance and patience. This makes it more convenient for those who want to exploit god for him to be neither seen or heard. Life is more like purification process, like how gold is purified, through extreme heat. We need to undergo the challenges of this world, so that God will be able to find out who will be worthy of His final grace, heaven / paradise. well everyone would believe in him if he was here on earth and well everyone would go to heaven. but the thing is if he is in heaven and no one can see him. it is faith and believing. God’s presence is everywhere. God wants us to believe in Him. He gave us free will and the option to believe or not to believe. It’s not a faith if everything is placed in front of you. You have to accept Him despite the hardships of life. There are a lot of stories dealing with God testing the faith of his most faithful. Never presenting himself, as you suggest he should, is just one more demand for faith. Blind and sheepish faith.
    Here’s how I picture it if He punished us instantly He wouldn’t be a very loving God. If He did punish us for sin instantly we wouldn’t be able to repent and would all go to Hell for not repenting and accepting Him. I think He keeps Himself hidden because He wants us to come to Him on our own free will. If God punished people for sin right then and there it would be no better than creating people without a choice. God remaining invisible gives us the choice to choose Him or not. God also puts off punishment to allow for repentance. The wage of sin is eternal death… So if God punished all sin on the spot there would be no humanity to love anymore. That is why God allowed sacrifice for the remission of sins. God is Loving, but He is also Just. Those, who do not choose Him will eventually pay the ultimate price. If you think about it long enough it will make more sense. He hides himself to test men to see if they will obey His Will just on His Word. He can neither deceive nor be deceived. He does not punish people on the spot because He is all merciful, yet punishes them later because He is all just. He also has His own reasons because he is all knowing.
    God works in mysterious ways.. Why do we think he needs to be seen? Isn’t it enough he has created the whole universe including us? Do you not think someone living a happy wealthy life is not being rewarded for their good deeds possibly from a prior life or due to a Goodness within them or the hard work they put in? . It must be the choice of each individual to choose good or evil. If God simply annihilated everyone who committed a crime or sin, that would infringe upon agency. He will not do it. God is full of love and is gracious. He forgives us but only if we ask for it and be liven what we did is wrong and change our ways. And the evils will get theirs in the end sadly but they will. God is not hiding, rather it’s more accurate to say our inability to fully capture him. like a 1 megapixel camera trying to capture the resolution of real life. we don’t see God as He is a partial manifestation of something.

    Earth could be a beautiful place to live as intended, but human abuse their powers and their free will to do evil. God wants you to choose to do good and not sin and learn from your mistakes. Punish is not the right word, more like learning one’s mistake. God does not rule by fear, pain, and punishment like a despot rather it’s by love. God has the power to rule but chose He not to. he wants us to be his equal. Only a fool will never realise that punishment is being handed over in the very lifetime of that person. That’s law by any theory.
    Sometimes we require a few moments[could be days, months even years] to decide on things that were unpleasant in our deed and rectify it.
    Wouldn’t you like that opportunity of grace time to realise your mistake and make amends? Failing to do so, the law of opposites[kind of taste of your own medicine] will take it’s course. You want to believe that God hid Himself all the while to spring a surprise punishment on you, go ahead and think so. Justice is served one way or another. God would have become like a Judge and all of us would have been chasing him for Justice and this Earth would have become a big Court.
    Sometimes people are so stubborn that things need to go to extreme before people learn. I don’t believe God destroy sinners. I’m afraid. They misunderstand and underestimate God. His love, understanding, mercy, and patience is much greater than we can even imagine. God does not destroy the sinners, Rather it’s the sinners feel that they are unfit and have room for further growth that they condemn themselves to some solitude more appropriate for his or her soul for healing and reflection so they may be set on the right path again. Anything not thought about, is either hidden, or not existing in the mind yet. Even if there were no God, we would still continue as we do, because we have been given the choice to do what is considered right, or do which is considered wrong. This governs the consequences of our actions.It is us who wait for things to become extreme and then want to act…and most times on our own steam, and as a last resort – we pray…What is more extreme than death, yet is has to happen. Then the big question of afterlife arises…
    There is not one instance where victory is before the battle. He is there within us, around us. we are not pure enough to see God. We really have the calibre to see HIM, because why it is so that only saints of high calibre can see them, talk with them, and so….He is there everywhere. He is of forgiving nature, if you look at the stories of saints who had attained oneness with God are also forgiving.
    He never destroys the sinners( as soul cannot be destroyed), He does all the possible ways to change them from bad to good and those who fail become sinners, If you look around carefully or even in your own life you will see that God has given lots of opportunities for repenting for our sins and wrongdoings but how many of us recognize the opportunity and grab it. We ignore all the opportunities given by HIM and then have to suffer for it after death. The law of karma is very complicated for example consider some one teases you and you slap him without thinking of anything. he gives us chances to make ourselves solve our problems
    if we fails repeatedly then he has to reincarnate. God is not live in other place. He lives at our heart. You have no eyes to see the God in your inner body. First we will make the eyes inside to see the God.

    In the divinity of creation inherent unity is there. Even in evil-minded people there is a search for God. Wrongdoer is the correct word for sinner. Sins are committed out of ignorance/delusion. In evil and in good, God is coaxing us back to Him by our search for happiness. if sinners are punished then n there, then they wont get a chance to repent!! They wont learn that making a mistake is fine unless you learn from it…
    U have to understand that all sins are not equivalent.
    Do you see the light ? You don’t. But you can see the materials on which light reflects. Light exists, but is not seen. Light is in everywhere, in every place. We need light just to see everything. We don’t need the light as a material. Just imagine, light is a material like water or dust or any nonliving thing and it is spreading / lying over every materials.
    God is in everywhere, every place. You can just feel him, with your mind, your soul. You can’t see by eyes. If you can’t see by eyes that doesn’t mean God doesn’t exist.

    . All the activities are going on is a life cycle. The tiger kill the deer. So, we may think tiger is a killer, he is a sin maker. But is it real ? Someone do the good thing, someone bad. In this way our life cycle will run properly. Just think, if we all are the good, no one in the world are bad. Then these two words ‘good’ and ‘bad’ will be inoperative. Also we good people will not be good, because the word ‘good’ doesn’t exist. If bad doesn’t exist then what is the necessity of good. That is the cycle. And to run this cycle one have to up and one have to down.
    So, you just ask yourself. Ask the God, believing his/her existence. Definitely you will got the answer. God does not punish sinners. he does not throw every sinners to hell. he throw to hell only those who refuse to accept God is real and who refuse to regret of their sins even in their last minute of life. God does not hide himself/herself. He is watching everybody irrespective of the fact that whether a person is doing good thing or bad thing. Suppose if, a person is committing a sin (of any kind) then it is also the fate of the sufferer that he/she is getting paid for his/her sins in the past.
    If God starts punishing every individual then there would be a dooms day in a few moments and all is destroyed. Because there is no person who can say that I haven’t done any crime/sin since his/her birth.
    Sinners are classified in various categories just like there are prisoners, some are getting one month, two month jail and in the very same prison a hard-core criminal is getting life term sentence.
    So, God punishes everybody one day or the other but according to the volume of the Sin one has committed We need recognize the God.

    Please tell me one thing, if you can “see” God, would you still commit wrong? If you know who or what He is, and what He can do, I don’t think you will ever think freely from now on. Another way to put it is, do you think anyone will dare to play “punk” knowing the severity of the consequences upon their deaths? Nearly all of humanity will be scared, shaken within, if they knew of the Higher Universe. Most men, especially the evil ones, the less developed ones, will constrict within out of fear. Free Will no longer have any meaning, because it is not out of a stance of personal choice, a decision derived from their will that caused them to “stop” doing evil. In other words, it is entirely lacking the foundation of the person’s sincerity that gives there mere actions of good deeds substance. This what separates Falsity from Truth. It follows from here that Free Will is given to us, in order to CHOOSE what is right, against what that our desires compel us. God reincarnates every minute in several forms, but some forms who utmost faces and wins the extremes bad/sin will be known to world. God always tries to reduce the sins from all aspects like thru humans, devotees, relationship, friends,.. etc. We always feel nice after releasing from pain. Therefore the pain gives us pleasure. If there r no tension then how do we pray God………
    God is nothing or everything and it depends upon our thinking. The existence of the God can only be realized. Nobody can show you. As a germ can’t think beyond a molecule, as an ant can’t think beyond a football, as tiger can’t beyond a jungle similarly we can’t think beyond universe and max.up to a level of furthest star that we can see by naked eye or clearly by a telescope/ with the help of science. But science has also limitations. Moreover science is not a external factor that helps us. It is the result of thinking power of human being. So only knowledge/power of thinking can only give an idea about God.
    God is like Ethernet, which is spread everywhere also within you. So you can also feel yourself as a part of God. Every particles, animals, plants are part of God. Everything get changes not ends and it is in cyclic order.
    Man exists though he was invisible in the beginning , and is visible in the middle and again becomes invisible .God is not hiding from anybody .for those whose mind is blind , God is invisible – that is for those who do not know what God is ,God is invisible to them..
    Assume that one does not know what a horse is .Will he be able to understand that he is seeing a horse when for the first time he sees it without anybody telling it ? , He would not know that he has seen a horse .so is the man who does not see God .God is the life of everything . You must know that there is nothing as inanimate as even those materials which you call inanimate are composed of atoms of elements that are alive with energy particles like .electron and protons. All matter is made of energy and this energy is God. What’s the need to see God. If u have faith and you can feel this energy then God is there. There is an ULTIMATE POWER that rules us & sometimes we can feel it. Can you see any Business Organization functioning without Head. If not, then how do you expect this Big Universe functioning in order, without a Head. Those who think that this is all rubbish, then let me tell u that there will be a time, when u will be forced to believe in him and say “GOD EXISTS”

  4. SHREE GANESH VANDANA

    जय गणेश जय गणेश , जय गणेश देवा
    माता जाकी पारवती , पिता महादेव .
    एक दन्त दयावंत , चार भुजा धारी
    माथे सिंदूर सोहाई , मुसे की सवारी ,
    जय गणेश …
    अनधन को आंख देत , कोढ़िन को काया
    बन्झां को पुत्र देत , निर्धन को माया ,
    जय गणेश …
    पण चढ़े , फूल चढ़े , और चढ़े मेवा
    लडदुँ का भोग लगे , सहत करे सेवा , ,
    जय गणेश ….
    जय गणेश जय गणेश , जय गणेश देवा
    माता जाकी पारवती , पिता महादेव

    Ganesh Chaturthi or Ganesh Utsav or the birthday of Ganesha (the elephant-headed God of Wisdom and Prosperity) falls on the fourth day of the Hindu month of Bhadrapada (around August-September). It is celebrated all across India and is the biggest festival in Maharashtra.
    Ganesha is India’s cutest god. He has the head of an elephant on which is perched a dainty tiara, four podgy hands joined to a sizeable belly with each hand holding its own symbolic object. One has a trishul, or a trident, the second, an ankush, or goad made from his very own broken tooth, the third hand elegantly holds a lotus and the fourth a rosary (which is sometimes replaced by modaks – his favourite sweet). Ganesha is famous not only for being a trickster and for his sense of humour, but equally for his wisdom. He is the son of Shiva (Destroyer in the Hindu Holy Trinity of Creator-Preserver-Destroyer) and Parvati (Shiva’s consort).

    Ganesha is the foremost god of the Hindu pantheon. This brave guardian of the door to Parvati’s bath is beheld today as the most auspicious God of new beginnings. He is worshipped during every festival and before people undertake a journey or embark upon a new venture. You will also see him carefully guarding entrances to temples and homes, peeping out of calendars and happily gracing marriages and other such occasions.

  5. Learning to meditate
    Learning to meditate is like a baby that is learning to walk. It is
    said that on average, a baby falls more than 100 times ( can’t
    remember the actual figure..maybe 270 times?)before he or she can
    walk.
    So the question for you when you learn to meditate is… are you
    consistently practicing meditation until you learn to ‘walk’.
    It took six weeks of practicing before it becomes a habit. That was
    more than three years ago. Nowadays, if I miss a day of meditation,
    the feeling is like as if I do not brush my teeth or take a bath.
    Want to know some simple secrets to mastering meditation for
    beginners?
    Here are simple secrets to help you master meditation:- Write down
    200 reasons why you want to learn meditation.This will cause your
    subconscious mind to link meditation to pleasure. If you have less
    than 50 goals, do not start your meditation. Otherwise you will give
    up easily.-Join a group or class. The mass energy of many people
    meditating will somehow transfer to you. In fact, because of such
    classes, I am able to meditate for two hours at one stretch.-Take
    baby steps. Think big or dream big to set the direction and then take
    baby steps to execute your dream. Begin with one minute or 5 minute
    meditation for the first few days.-Embrace or expect that for the
    first few days or weeks,your mind will wander about with other
    thoughts during meditation. This is acceptable, embrace it…just
    remember that you have learnt to walk before and that you fall many
    times before you can walk.Recall the smiles of your parents when you
    can walk the first time!-Try this ‘cheating method’…place a clock
    in front of you. It must have the ‘seconds’ hand and this hand must
    move continuously, not in steps. When meditating, watch
    this ‘seconds’ hand move. Focus on following it moving. Let it pass
    for one minute, then two minutes. If you can follow for two minutes,
    do this as frequent as possible thru out the day. The next day, use
    the same clock and take not of the time.Then close your eyes and
    focus on your breathing.Open your eyes when you feel that you no
    longer can meditate. Take note of the time that has passed.Do this
    for the next few days and see if it helps.-Use music! this is the
    most effective method for me and I use variations or many different
    music till this day. Classical or soft music or guided meditation are
    all excellent.
    While some effort is required initially, you only need to learn once
    and the skills are with you for life.

  6. Yoga of Devotion
    With their minds fixed on Me, those who worship Me always, with faith and sincerity, they are considered to be the most qualified in the Yoga by Me.”
    “But those who are engaged in the worship of the Imperishable, the Indefinable, the Invisible, the Omnipresent, the Unthinkable, the Immutable, the Immovable, and fixed”
    “Controlling all the senses, maintaining equanimity everywhere, engaged in the welfare of all beings, they also come to Me only.”
    “It is very difficult for those whose minds are preoccupied with the Unmanifest because for the embodied souls it is indeed very painful to make progress towards the Unmanifest.”
    “He, remains attached to Me, renouncing all his acclivities to Me, meditating upon Me without any distractions and worshipping Me,”
    “And whose minds are set upon Me, I rescue them from the ocean of mortal samsara (worldly life).”
    “Upon Me fix your mind, in Me operate your intelligence and thereafter without doubt you shall live in Me only.”
    “If you are unable to concentrate your mind steadily upon Me, then strive to attain Me by practicing (Bhakti) Yoga, O Arjuna.”
    “If you are not competent to practice Yoga, then do My work dedicating it to Me. By doing work for My sake you will achieve (spiritual ) perfection.”
    “If you are not interested in doing even this, then seek refuge in My Yoga, renouncing the fruit of all your actions, established in the self
    “Certainly knowledge is better than practice, but better than knowledge is meditation, superior to which is renunciation of the fruits of actions. Indeed after renunciation there is only peace.”
    “Without any hatred towards all beings, friendly and compassionate, without any sense of possessiveness, without any egoism, equal in pleasure and pain and forgiving.”
    “The Yogi who is always contended, self-controlled, strongly determined, his mind and intelligence offered to Me, that devotee is dear to Me.”
    “He who nether disturbs the world nor is disturbed by it, who is free from joy, envy, fear and excitement – he is dear to me.”
    “He who is without expectations, pure, dexterous, impartial, undisturbed, renouncing all effort in undertakings – that devotee is dear to Me.”
    “He who neither likes nor dislikes, neither bemoans nor desires, who has renounced both the auspicious and the inauspicious and who is full of devotion to me- he is dear to Me.”
    “Equal to friend and foe, in honor and dishonor, heat and cold, pleasure and pain and equally free from all attachment.”
    “Equal to being criticized or praised, silent, contended with whatever he has, without a fixed abode, stable minded, engaged in devotion- that devotee is dear to Me.”
    “But who follows completely the immortal dharma (righteousness) as ordained, with faith, holding Me as the Supreme such devotees are exceedingly dearer to Me.”

  7. Yoga of Three Gunas

    Said Lord supreme:

    “The Supreme knowledge I shall reveal to you again, knowledge that is superior to all knowledge, by knowing which the sages attain the Highest State.” “By taking shelter in this knowledge and attaining My State, at the time of creation they do not take birth, nor are they troubled at the time of dissolution.”
    My Creative Self is the source of the great god, Brahma, in whom I plant the possibility of all creation. All living beings thus come into existence.”
    Of all the sources of creation which give birth to forms, Brahma is the supreme source and I am the seed giving father.”
    “Sattva (purity), Rajas (passion) and Tamas (ignorance) are the qualities arising out of Prakriti. They bind the soul with the body, O mighty armed.”
    Of them Sattva is of the purest nature, illuminating and without any debility. Through attachment with happiness and knowledge it binds , O sinless one.”
    “Know that Rajas is full of passion born out of attachment with thirst (insatiable desire). It binds the embodied, O son of Kunti, through attachment with works.”
    “But know that Tamas is born out of ignorance, deludes all embodied beings. Through recklessness, laziness and sleep, it binds (the soul), O Bharata.”
    “Sattvic nature binds one to happiness, Rajas to action, O Bharata , but by enveloping all knowledge, Tamas binds one to recklessness.”
    “Sattva exists by suppressing Rajas and Tamas. Rajas exists by suppressing Sattva and Tamas. And Tamas by suppressing both Sattva and Rajas, O Bharata.”
    “When all the openings of the body radiate illumination, it is said that Sattva is in predominance.”
    “Greed, excitement in performing actions, uncontrollable desire, all these symptoms develop when Rajas is in predominance, O chief among the Bharatas.”
    “Darkness, inactivity, recklessness, illusion are manifested when Tamas is predominating, O son of Kurus.”
    “If Sattva is predominating at the time of death in a person, he attains the pure worlds of the highest sages.”
    “With Rajas predominating at the time of death one is born among those attached to actions. In the same manner with the predominance of Tamas, he takes birth among ignorant people.”
    “It is said that of actions the fruit of pious Sattva is purity, the fruit of Rajas is sorrow, while ignorance is the fruit of Tamas.”
    “Sattva strengthens knowledge, Rajas greed, while Tamas develops recklessness, delusion and ignorance.”
    “Upward go those who are established in Sattva. In the middle (regions) settle down those with Rajas. But those filled with the lowest quality of Tamas go downward only.”
    “When a seer recognizes appropriately none other than these three qualities in the performance of actions, he knows the Supreme beyond the gunas and comes to My consciousness.”
    Going beyond these three gunas, the embodied is freed (from these ills) originating from the body – birth, death, old age and sorrow, and attains immortality.”
    Asked Arjuna:

    “What are the symptoms of transcendence of the three qualities, O Lord, what is the conduct and how also are these transcended?”
    The Supreme Lord replied:

    “Illumination, activity and delusion, O Pandava, who neither abhors when prevailing nor desires when absent.”
    “Seated unconcerned, unmoved by the gunas, aware that gunas are acting, he is stable and never shaken.”
    “Alike in pleasure and pain toward a piece of earth, a stone, a piece of gold, alike and steady towards the desirable and the undesirable, equal in defamation and self-adulation.”
    “Alike in honor and dishonor, equal to friends and foes, removing all egoistic effort in the performance of actions – he is said to have risen above the gunas.”
    “He who serves Me with undistracted devotion, he transcends all the gunas and attains the state of Brahman.”
    “Certainly, I am the resting place of Brahman, of the immortal, inexhaustible, everlasting, righteous, blissful and also the ultimate.”

  8. Cancer Update

    1. Every person has cancer cells in the body. These cancer cells do not show up in the standard tests until they have multiplied to a few billion. When doctors tell cancer patients that there are no more cancer cells in their bodies after treatment, it just means the tests are unable to detect the cancer cells because they have not reached the detectable size.

    2. Cancer cells occur between 6 to more than 10 times in a person’s lifetime.

    3. When the person’s immune system is strong the cancer cells will be destroyed and prevented from multiplying and forming tumours.

    4. When a person has cancer it indicates the person has multiple nutritional deficiencies. These could be due to genetic, environmental, food and lifestyle factors.

    5. To overcome the multiple nutritional deficiencies, changing diet and including supplements will strengthen the immune system.

    6. Chemotherapy involves poisoning the rapidly-growing cancer cells and also destroys rapidly-growing healthy cells in the bone marrow, gastro-intestinal tract etc, and can cause organ damage, like liver, kidneys, heart, lungs etc.

    7. Radiation while destroying cancer cells also burns, scars and damages healthy cells, tissues and organs.

    8. Initial treatment with chemotherapy and radiation will often reduce tumor size. However prolonged use of chemotherapy and radiation do not result in more tumor destruction.

    9. When the body has too much toxic burden from chemotherapy and radiation the immune system is either compromised or destroyed, hence the person can succumb to various kinds of infections and complications.

    10. Chemotherapy and radiation can cause cancer cells to mutate and become resistant and difficult to destroy. Surgery can also cause cancer cells to spread to other sites.

    11. An effective way to battle cancer is to starve the cancer cells by not feeding it with the foods it needs to multiply.

    WHAT CANCER CELLS FEED ON:

    a. Sugar is a cancer-feeder. By cutting off sugar it cuts off one important food supply to the cancer cells . Sugar substitutes like NutraSweet, Equal,Spoonful, etc are made with Aspartame and it is harmful. A better natural substitute would be Manuka honey or molasses but only in very sma ll amounts. Table salt has a chemical added to make it w h i te in colour. Better alternative is Bragg’s aminos or sea salt.

    b. Milk causes the body to produce mucus, especially in the gastro-intestinal tract. Cancer feeds on mucus. By cutting off milk and substituting with unsweetened soy milk, cancer cells are being starved.

    c. Cancer cells thrive in an acid environment. . A meat-based diet is acidic and it is best to eat fish, and a little chicken rather than beef or pork. Meat also contains livestock antibiotics, growth hormones and parasites, which are all harmful, especially to people with cancer.

    d. A diet made of 80% fresh vegetables and juice, whole grains, seeds, nuts and a little fruits help put the body into an alkaline environment. About 20% can be from cooked food including beans. Fresh vegetable juices provide live enzymes that are easily absorbed and reach down to cellular levels within 15 minutes t o no urish and enhance growth of healthy cells. To obtain live enzymes for building healthy cells try and drink fresh vegetable juice (most vegetables including bean sprouts) and eat some raw vegetables 2 or 3 times a day. Enzymes are destroyed at temperatures of 104 degrees F (40 degrees C).

    e. Avoid coffee, tea, and chocolate, which have high caffeine. Green tea is a better alternative and has cancer-fighting properties. Water-best to drink purified water, or filtered, to avoid known toxins and heavy metals in tap water. Distilled water is acidic, avoid it.

    12. Meat protein is difficult to digest and requires a lot of digestive enzymes. Undigested meat remaining in the intestines become putrified and leads to more toxic buildup.

    13. Cancer cell walls have a tough protein covering. By refraining from or eating less meat it frees more e nzymes to attack the protein walls of cancer cells and allows the body’s killer ce lls to destroy the cancer cells.

    14. Some supplements build up the immune system (IP6, Flor-ssence, Essiac, anti-oxidants, vitamins, minerals, EFAs etc.) to enable the body’s own killer cells to destroy cancer cells. Other supplements like vitamin E are known to cause apoptosis, or programmed cell death, the body’s normal method of disposing of damaged, unwanted, or unneeded cells.

    15. Cancer is a disease of the mind, body, and spirit. A proactive and positive spirit will help the cancer warrior be a survivor. Anger, unforgiveness and bitterness put the body into a stressful and acidic environment. Learn to have a loving and forgiving spirit. Learn to relax and enjoy life.
    16. Cancer cells cannot thrive in an oxygenated environment. Exercising daily, and deep breathing help to get more oxygen down to the cellular level. Oxygen therapy is another means employed to destroy cancer cells

  9. ONE PARAGRAPH THAT EXPLAINS LIFE!

    Arthur Ashe, the legendary Wimbledon player was dying of AIDS which he got due to infected blood he received during a heart surgery in 1983.

    From world over, he received letters from his fans, one of which conveyed:

    “Why does GOD have to select you for such a bad disease”?

    To this Arthur Ashe replied:

    ” The world over — 50 million children start playing tennis, 5 million learn to play tennis,

    500,000 learn professional tennis, 50,000 come to the circuit, 5000 reach the grand slam,

    50 reach Wimbledon, 4 to semi final, 2 to the finals,

    when I was holding a cup I never asked GOD ‘Why me?’.

    And today in pain I should not be asking GOD ‘Why me?’
    Happiness keeps you Sweet,

    Trials keep you Strong,

    Sorrow keeps you Human,

    Failure keeps you humble and Success keeps you glowing, but only Faith & Attitude Keeps you going…

    NEVER LOOK DOWN ON ANY ONE:UNLESS YOU ARE REACHING OUT TO HELP IN ALL POSSIBLE WAYS

  10. One Door Closes..Another Opens
    When God leads you to the edge of the cliff, trust Him
    fully and let go, only 1 of 2 things will happen,
    either He’ll catch you when you fall,
    or
    He’ll teach you how to fly!
    ‘The power of one sentence!
    God is going to shift things around for you today
    and let things work in your favor.
    God closes doors no man can open
    &
    God opens doors no man can close.
    Have a blessed day and remember to be a blessing

  11. BUILDING STRONG RELATIONSHIPS
    Interpersonal relationship is very important for success in Career as well as life. We must build solid, lasting, mutually beneficial relationships with every person who matters in our life and try to resolve all conflicts positively. To build and nurture good relationships, communication skill is a must. While communicating we must not bore others. We must be reserved and speak less and should not boast and speak only about our selves and our family. We must try to listen to others and give short comments while speaking.
    Most importantly if you want to become a successful and popular person. Then you must note down the birthdays and anniversaries of people who matter to us and without fail we must wish them. We must speak a few words of appreciation, whenever someone achieves something. We must try to be kind and friendly and develop affection with people close to us. We must attend all the occasions in their families if we are invited. If You follow these methods, I am sure that you will become popular within no time. Honest Communication, Shared values, Loving Commitment & Common life goals go long way in building Strong Relationships.
    What exactly is a strong relationship?
    It is a relationship, where there are two persons, who are working together towards a common goal. Trust, Honesty, Communication and Forgiveness are building blocks to strengthen your relationships. Disagreements between relationships are definitely going to happen. There is no doubt about that. Steer away from fighting. Fighting only fuels the fire and we always end up saying something that we really don’t mean. Hurtful things shall definitely happen, when we fight. Stay away from Petty Fights & Quarrels, If you are keen to build Strong Relationships.
    It is very important for newly married couple to make Love, No matter how much life gets in the way. Make time for intimacy between you and your spouse. It has been said that your Love life with your spouse directly corresponds with your success in your career.
    I believe that a true relationship involves getting to know your spouse. Many rush into experimenting relationships without truly being friends. Being a friend first, getting to know their likes, dislikes are very important. I think that once you know the other person, then you have achieved a Strong Relationship Bond.
    Finally famous quote by Dr Manmohan Singh
    “”Never worry about building relationships, just be your usual self and be helpful, polite, truthful and soft spoken to every one. If you cannot say and do something nice better be quite and forgiving “”

  12. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF LIFE
    At Some Stage of our lives, we have only one question that is
    “what could be the original purpose of Life”
    Purpose of life is not to get rich or become famous..
    or
    Purpose of life is to get married and populate the earth
    We have been blessed with life.
    We must live happily and achieve peace of mind.
    My purpose on life may be different from yours
    Your purpose will be different from others.
    I need not accept your purpose
    & You need not accept my purpose.
    God may have desired for the earth to be filled with happy, healthy people
    The universe is so vast.
    You may never find the answers to the question ie What is the
    Purpose of Life ?
    The purpose of life constitutes a philosophical question concerning the purpose and significance of life or existence in general. This concept can be expressed through a variety of related questions, such as Why are we here?, What is life all about?, and What is the meaning of it all? It has been the subject of much philosophical, scientific, and theological speculation throughout history. There have been a large number of answers to such questions from many different cultural and ideological backgrounds.

    A person’s life has purpose for himself, others as the life events resulting from his achievement, legacy, family, etc., but, to say that life, itself, has a meaning. we can live as we wish or we can live for some purpose.
    Life is not for purpose, but there is purposes in life. Why do people love each other. Why do mothers love babies before they are even born? Because it contributes to the maintenance and increase of the population of the human species. Why are so many people against abortion? Because it is a deterrent to procreation.?

    Rise and be great, do the great things you were meant to do. Look deep inside you, realize what is your life’s purpose and your meaning of life and when you do find purpose, you discover yourself to be a greater person than you ever dreamed yourself to be. The world you live in will never be the same and the opportunities life throws at you will be abundant. The Meaning of Life will be clear. Not only to eat, drink, sleep and die one day, we should also remember that we have come from God and will return to Him one day.
    Till then love all serve all;
    help ever, hurt never.
    do your duty.
    Hands that help are holier than lips that pray.
    Each of us must find our own purpose
    We,All, are adding to the sum oftotal Conscious..
    God’s purpose may be to improve the world through this collective Conscious.
    “May be if we are surrounded in beauty/ Someday we become what we see/”.
    I want to make the world a prettier place, in the hopes that others will follow the example in behavior and moral.

    I suggest you Meditate, find God, do something.
    Human life means acquire knowledge to get out of here:

    Life means a continuous struggle and learning which starts with birth and ends with death.
    One who is equal to friends and enemies, who is equipoised in honor and dishonor, heat and cold, happiness and distress, fame and infamy, who is always free from contaminating association, always silent and satisfied with anything, who doesn’t care, who is fixed in knowledge and who is engaged in devotional service — such a person is very dear to God
    Alok Mohan

  13. Creativity

    Don’t Assume
    Question your Habits
    Be Creative
    Look for a better way
    Impossible often aren’t !!!
    Want to know HOW?
    Read on …………….
    Lessons of the Square Watermelon
    Japanese grocery stores had a problem. They are much smaller than their US counterparts and therefore don’t have room to waste. Watermelons, big and round, wasted a lot of space. Most people would simply tell the grocery stores that watermelons grow round and there is nothing that can be done about it. That is how I would assume the vast majority of people would respond. But some Japanese farmers took a different approach. If the supermarkets wanted a square watermelon, they asked themselves, “How can we provide one?” It wasn’t long before they invented the square watermelon.

    The solution to the problem of round watermelons wasn’t nearly as difficult to solve for those who didn’t assume the problem was impossible to begin with and simply asked how it could be done. It turns out that all you need to do is place them into a square box when they are growing and the watermelon will take on the shape of the box.

    This made the grocery stores happy and had the added benefit that it was much easier and cost effective to ship the watermelons. Consumers also loved them because they took less space in their refrigerators which are much smaller than those in the US meaning that the growers could charge a premium price for them.

    What does this have do with anything besides square watermelons? There are a few lessons that can you can take away from this story which help you in all parts of your life. Here are a few of them:
    Don’t Assume: The major problem was that most people had always seen round watermelons so they automatically assumed that square watermelons were impossible before even thinking about the question. Things that you have been doing a certain way your entire life have taken on the aura of the round watermelon and you likely don’t even take the time to consider if there is another way to do it. Breaking yourself from assuming this way can greatly improve your overall life as you are constantly looking for new and better ways to do things. This was one of the most difficult things for me to do because most of the assumptions I make, I don’t even realize that I’m making them. They seem perfectly logical on the surface, so I have to constantly make an effort to question them.
    Question habits: The best way to tackle these assumptions is to question your habits. If you can make an effort to question the way you do things on a consistent basis, you will find that you can continually improve the way that you live your life. Forming habits when they have been well thought out is usually a positive thing, but most of us have adopted our habits from various people and places without even thinking about them. I have changed a large number of habits that I have had after taking the time to question them and continue to do so. Some of them I have know idea where they came from while others I can trace to certain people or instances in my life. It’s a never ending process, but by doing this, you can consistently strive toward making all aspects of your life more enjoyable instead of defaulting to what you have now.
    Be creative: When faced with a problem, be creative in looking for a solution. This often requires thinking outside the box. Most people who viewed this question likely thought they were being asked how they could genetically alter water melons to grow square which would be a much more difficult process to accomplish. By looking at the question from an alternative perspective, however, the solution was quite simple. Being creative and looking at things in different ways in all portions of your live will help you find solutions to many problems where others can’t see them. I am not a creative person, but I’ve found that the more that you look at things from different perspectives, the more creative I have become. It’s a learned art and builds upon itself.
    Look for a better way: The square watermelon question was simply seeking a better and more convenient way to do something. The stores had flagged a problem they were having and asked if a solution was possible. It’s impossible to find a better way if you are never asking the question in the first place. I try to ask if there is a better way of doing the things that I do and I constantly write down the things I wish I could do (but currently can’t) since these are usually hints about steps I need to change. Get into the habit of asking yourself, “Is there a better way I could be doing this?” and you will find there often is.
    Impossibilities often aren’t: If you begin with the notion that something is impossible, then it obviously will be for you. If, on the other hand, you decide to see if something is possible or not, you will find out through trial and error.
    Take away the lessons from the square watermelons and apply them to all areas in your life (work, finances, relationships, etc) and you will find that by consistently applying them, you will constantly be improving all aspects of your life

  14. Self Development

    1. Manage Stress
    • Handle stressful situations.
    • Raise your Self-esteem whilst you lower your blood pressure.
    • Reduce stress.
    • Recognize causes and symptoms of stress.
    • Convert fears and negative feelings into positive tools.
    • Inspire confidence in all.
    • Be more positive and productive at work and at home

    2. Attitude for Success

    • Build powerful attitude to improve quality of your life
    • Ease difficult situations with humor.
    • Trigger enthusiasm in everyday life.
    • Build positive approaches to problem solving.
    • Boost your self-image by enhancing your appearance.
    • Increase your confidence.
    • Enhance your creativity.
    • Share you positive attitude with others it s contagious!

    3 Organize for Success

    • Avoid drowning in a sea of paperwork.
    • Find anything in seconds.
    • Enhance your productivity with efficient paperwork systems.
    • Improve information flow.
    • Sort and act on incoming mail with ease.
    • Stay abreast of reading.
    • Enjoy greater freedom and creativity.
    • Reduce stress.

    4 Learn Powerful Communication Skills

    • Write compelling reports and memos.
    • Overcome writer s block.
    • Conquer your fear of public speaking.
    • Run productive meetings that stay on schedule.
    • Learn time-saving alternatives to meetings
    • Improve your leadership and team-building skills.
    • Build stronger relationships.
    5 Manage Time

    • Develop a Time Management System that works for you.
    • Balance multipurpose priorities with ease and confidence.
    • Accomplish more in a short space of time.
    • Learn to recognize and make maximum use of your peak energy periods.
    • Meet deadlines with ease.
    • Improve efficiency in day-to-day tasks.
    • Plan for long term goals now.
    • Become more positive and gain a sense of accomplishment from your work.
    • Have more time for fun!

  15. Porus the Great
    As we all are aware that the golden age of India was most of the times under the Hindu rulers such as Harsha, Chandragupta Maurya , Pulakeshin II, Samudragupta, Raja Bhoj , Cholas, Vijaynagar kings, Pals in Bengal. The social reforms made by those rulers, the trade and the business policy followed by them made India very prosperous & people called India as a ‘sone ki chidhiya’ .Their greatness is authentically described in chronicles of Fa Hien, Hue en Tsang, Megasthinis, Suleiman etc. In Rajtarangini by Kalhana , we come to know how Kashmir was flourished before invasions. Later day muslim rulers just copied these administrative policies Akbar’s famous land revenue policy is made by Raja Todarmal only. It is surprising that these kings do not get so much attention in our history books. British historians used to talk of Alexander as “the world conqueror” who “came and saw and conquered” every land he had visited. He is still advertised in Indian text-books as the victor in his war with India’s Porus (Puru). However, the facts as recorded by Alexander’s own Greek historians tell a very different tale. And Marshal Zhukov, the famous Russian commander in World War II, said at the Indian Military Academy, Dehra Dun, a few years back, that India had defeated Alexander.
    We all are aware that we have been reading distorted form of History. A History, which was influenced by Invaders. Fact is Porus, had defeated Sikander in Battle and injured him badly. Due these injuries Sikander and his forces had run for safety. Later on Sikander died due these injuries in his own country. Had Sikander been victorious, at least he could have left some evidences in the form of Monuments, Inscriptions Coins etc.
    Following facts speak them selves
    1) Megasthanes who came to India after the so-called invasion by Alexander
    has recorded that this country (India) was one which was never invaded by any and
    which never invaded any. If Alexander’s victory had been true, why did this historian from Greece write like this?

    2) It had also been recorded in the famous medieval epic, Shahnameh by the Persian poet Firdausi that Alexander was defeated by Porus and they became friends.

    3) “Alexander himself was a myth which was promoted by the British some 150 years ago. All our ancestors had no idea of Alexander or his invasion of India. Alexander myth was necessary for the British to justify the colonial domination” – says Mr. GP. Srinivasan

    Historians have recorded many atrocities of frustrated Sikander against common hindus. . The Tarikh-i-Firishta records that Sikandar had persecuted the Hindus. He also ordered the breaking of all “golden and silver images”. The Tarikh-i-Firishta further states: “Many of the Brahmins, rather than abandon their religion or their country, poisoned themselves; some emigrated from their native homes, while a few escaped to plains.
    Alexander had confessed to his friends back home: “They attacked me everywhere. They wounded my shoulder, they hit my leg, they shot an arrow in my chest, and they struck me on my neck with a loud thud.” At one stage word had spread in the Greek camp that Alexander was dead — and he had to be propped up and exhibited as alive!
    Alexander fared badly enough with Porus in the Punjab. Indeed, Porus put him on the spot when he told him: “To what purpose should we make war upon one another. if the design of your coming to these parts be not to rob us of our water or our necessary food, which are the only things that wise men are indispensably obliged to fight for? As for other riches and possessions, as they are accounted in the eyes of the world, if I am better provided of them than you, I am ready to let you share with me; but if fortune has been more liberal to you than to me, I have no objection to be obliged to you.” Alexander had no reply to the questions posed by Porus. Instead, with the obstinacy of a bully, he said: “I shall contend and do battle with you so far that, howsoever obliging you are, you shall not have the better of me.” But Porus did have the better of Alexander. In the fighting that ensued, the Greeks were so terrified of Indian prowess that they refused to proceed farther, in spite of Alexander’s angry urgings and piteous lamentations. Writes Plutarch, the great Greek historian: “This last combat with Porus took off the edge of the Macedonians’ courage and stayed their further progress in India…. Alexander not only offered Porus to govern his own kingdom as satrap under himself but gave him also the additional territory of various independent tribes whom he had subdued.” Porus emerged from his war with Alexander with his territory doubled and his gold stock augmented. So much for Alexander’s “victory” over Porus. However, what was to befall him in Sindh, was even worse.

    In his wars in Iran. Afghanistan, and north-west India,. Alexander had made so many enemies that he did not dare return home by the same route he had come. He had, therefore, decided to travel via Sindh. But in Multan the Mallas gave him hell.

    Notes H.T. Lambrick, a former commissioner of Sindh, and author of the Sindh before Muslim Conquest: “There was a subtle power in Sindh which created the will to resist the foreigner, the influence of the Brahmins.” Dushhala’s settling of 30,000 Brahmins in Sindh had not gone in vain!

    The history that we are reading is completely distorted. Government of India must admit this fact that true history may solve many religious conflicts in india.

    Following Ancient Indian Historical Era needs thorough research so as to revive pride of Great Hindu Kings & Mughal Invasions
    App. 3000 B.C.: Kashmir clan is named in Mahabharata.

  16. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

    Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was a devout Hindu. He had great respect for Warkari saints like Tukaram and Sufi Muslim pir Shaikh Yacub Baba Avaliya of Konkan. He was a true king, who had respect for all religions.

    Chhatrapati Shivaji loved his mother tongue Marathi and Sanskrit and made elaborate preparations for effective use of Marathi language. He wrote Rajvyavharkosh dictionary and Encyclopedia of Marathi words to be used for all administration work of his kingdom. He was of the view that if our language is slave, then our thoughts too become slave. The house of Shivaji Maharaj was one of the Indian royal families who were well acquainted with Sanskrit and promoted it. Shivaji continued this tradition and developed it further. He named his forts as Sindhudurg, Prachandgarh, Suvarndurg etc. He named the Ashta Pradhan (council of ministers) as per Sanskrit nomenclature viz. Nyayadhish, Senapati etc. He got Rajya Vyavahar Kosh (a political treatise) prepared. His Rajpurohit Keshav Pandit was himself a Sanskrit scholar and poet. Shivaji Maharaj allowed his subjects freedom of religion and he strongly opposed conversion. He brought back several converts like Netaji Palkar and Bajaji in to Hinduism. He prohibited slavery in his kingdom. Shiva ji was a powerful king & Mughal empire was scared of him. After seeing kesariya flag of the Army of Shiva ji, even the mighty Mughal empire would retreat. Shiva ji never tolerated any attack on Hindism.
    Shiva ji had a very high Moral Character & he ruled his kingdom with the rule of dharma.
    Shivaji was once offered a very beautiful young lady as a war booty, by an uninformed Maratha captain. She was the daughter-in-law of a defeated Muslim Amir (local ruler) of Kalyan, Maharashtra. Shivaji was reported to have told the lady that her beauty was mesmerizing and that if his mother was as beautiful as her, he would have been as handsome as well. He told her to go back to her family in peace, unmolested and under his protection. His behaviour & high moral calibre was respected by every body.
    Shivaji was a great Hindu king that India had produced within the last thousand years; one who was the very incarnation of Siva, about whom prophecies were given out long before he was born; and his advent was eagerly expected by all the great souls and saints of Maharashtra. He succeeded in the establishment of Dharma which had been trampled by the depredations of the devastating hordes of the Moghals.
    Sivaji was the very embodiment of a born ruler of men. He was the real son of India representing the true consciousness of the nation. It was he who shaped future of India.
    Chhatrapati Shivaji Maha Raja was a great hero, a great saint and a great shiv bhakt

  17. The Third Battle of Panipat
    – Lessons to be Learnt
    The Third Battle of Panipat was fought in 1761 between Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Maratha power led by Baji Rao.Maratha power was severely defeated in the battle and Baji Rao killed. Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated marathas on January 14, 1761 in Panipat
    The major factor behind the Maratha defeat was that Rajpoots,jats and Sikhs did not help Sadashiv Bhau Forces. Had they fought the battle together against the invaders India would have regained the rights for the sons of the soil. While Mughals got the support of all local Muslim Nawabs.
    Later, in 1767, this same Abdali was defeated at the battle of Amritsar by the Sikhs. The Sikhs later united under Raja Ranjit Singh and defeated the Afghans at many battles. They eventually took over a huge tract of Abdali’s empire extending till the Khyber pass. However, the valour of the Marathas was matchless in history.
    At the time of his death “Sadashiv Bhau was found with almost twenty dead Afghans around him. Santaji Wagh’s corpse was found with over forty mortal wounds. Vishwa Rao, the Peshwas son’s bravery was acknowledged even by the Afghans.”

    Let us hope we learn something from our past history and always remain united

  18. MAHARANA PRATAP
    Maharanas of Mewar represented the best and noblest in Hindu culture and polity. They translated into practice the Puranic concept of Ram Rajya. Maharana Pratap never accepted Akbar as ruler of India, and fought Akbar all his life. Akbar first tried diplomacy to win over Maharana Pratap but nothing worked. Pratap maintained that he had no intention to fight with Akbar but he could not bow down to Akbar and accept him as the ruler. Some scholars argue that there was some possibility that Maharana could have become friends with Akbar, but in the siege of Chittor, Akbar had killed 27,000 civilians. This left a lasting impression on Maharana’s mind and he decided he could not bow to such an injustice and cruelty. He himself used to carry 2 swords weighing 25 kg each weight with him always. Before any fight he uses to offer one sword to his opponent if he is not armed.
    In the battle of Haldighati, the Mughal forces greatly outnumbered Pratap’s men (1:4). Yet, Pratap’s men essayed many brave exploits on the field. Pratap personally attacked Man Singh: his horse Chetak placed its front feet on the trunk of Man Singh’s elephant and Pratap threw his lance; Man Singh ducked, and the mahout was killed.
    The impact of the battle on the Mughal army was also significant. In terms of numbers the Mughal army suffered heavier losses. This was also because of the intensive arrow showers by the Bhil tribes of the surrounding mountains who had sided with Pratap. To honour their contribution, a Bhil warrior was placed next to Pratap in the Royal Coat of Arms of Mewar.
    James Tod`s Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan declare that Maharana Pratap Singh stopped the marriage etiquette of Rajputs who had been giving their daughters to Mughals and his supporting Rajputs. Since Chittorgarh or Maharana Pratap Singh`s ancestral home, was under Mughal occupation, he livedlike anomad in the jungles and hills of Aravalli a life with the dream of re conquering Chittor and thus reclaiming the glory of Mewar.
    Akbar kept sending expedition after expedition against Maharana Pratap, but never succeeded. He expended a lot of money and men in trying to defeat Maharana Pratap. For 30 years Pratap remained ahead of Akbar and in the last ten years of his life was able to free most of his kingdom. The only forts Pratap could not recover was Chittor and Mandal Garh that saddened him a lot.

    MEWAR WAS ONE OF THE FIRST STATE TO MERGE WITH INDIA WILLINGLY AFTER INDEPENDENCE. THE THEN MAHARAJA OF MEWAR CONSIDERED INDEPENDENCE AS THE FULFILLMENT OF 13 CENTURIES OF MEWAR’S DREAM.

    TO SUM UP” MAHARANA PRATAP WAS AN EPITOME OF HINDU VIRTUES & ALWAYS FOLLOWED THE HINDU CODE OF CONDUCT WHICH DOES NOT ALLOW KILLING INNOCENTS & UNARMED PEOPLE

  19. Martyrdom – Bhai Mati Dass & Bhai Sati Dass

    During 1674 A.D in order to bring the whole of India under one faith.Aurangzeb ordered conversion of kashmiri Hindus to Islam by force Before bowing their heads before the sword of Sher Afgan Khan, the Governor of Kashmir, the prominent Brahmins of Kashmir led by Pandit Kirpa Ram appeared before the Guru at Anandpur on the 25th May, 1675 A.D., and explained about their helplessness. The Guru advised them, “Go and tell the Governor that Guru Tegh Bahadur is our leader. If you convert him to Islam, we shall become Muslims on our own accord.” On getting this message, Aurangzeb ordered the arrest of the Guru. For courting arrest, the Guru started towards Agra from Anandpur on the 11th July, 1675 A.D. At Agra, when the soldiers came to arrest the Guru, both the Mohyal brothers,Bhai Mati Dass & Bhai Sati dass came forward to offer themselves to be arrested first. Orders of the arrest of the Guru were also issued by Aurangzeb, who was in present day North West Frontier Province of Pakistan subduing Pushtun rebellion. The Guru was arrested at a place called Malikhpur near Anandpur after he had departed from Anandpur for Delhi. Before departing he nominated his son, Gobind Rai (Guru Gobind Singh) as the next Sikh Guru.

    He was arrested, along with some of his followers, Bhai Dayala, Bhai Mati Das and Bhai Sati Das by Nur Muhammad Khan of the Rupnagar police post at the village Malikhpur Rangharan, in Ghanaula Parganah, and sent to Sirhind the following day. The Faujdar (Governor) of Sirhind, Dilawar Khan, ordered him to be detained in Bassi Pathana and reported the news to Delhi. His arrest was made in July 1675 and he was kept in custody for over three months. He was then cast in an iron cage and taken to Delhi in November 1675

    In order to intimidate the Guru, the qazis (Islamic magistrates) made a plan to torture the two Mohyal Brothers to death before the before the eyes of Guru.. They thought that the Guru would embrace Islam out of fear on seeing the two brothers murdered. The qazis decreed to cut Bhai Mati Dass with a saw. Bhai Mati Dass and Bhai Sati Dass both brothers were sons of Bhai Hira Nand, a prominent Mohyal Brahmin of Kashmir. Their ancestor, Gautam Dass was a resident of village Kariala in Jehlum district. Pleased at his services, the Guru had bestowed on him the title of ‘Bhai’ (brother) which continues in their family to this day. Their grandfather, Bhai Praga, had been given command of a ‘Jatha’ (unit) by Guru Hargobind in the first battle with the Mughals in 1628 A.D. He died of deep wounds sustained in that battle. After that, Bhai Hira Nand presented himself in the service of Guru Har Rai. Before his death in 1657 A.D., he left Bhai Mati Dass and Bhai Sati Dass, elder of his four sons, to serve the Guru’s institution. In accordance with the command of their father, they started serving the Guru’s institution with heart and soul. Bhai Mati Dass and Bhai Sati Dass accompanied Guru Har Krishan when he went to Delhi on invitation from Aurangzeb..

    Hearing the order of the qazis, Bhai Mati Dass prayed to the Guru, “O True King ! bless me so that I may do my duty by sacrificing myself for the glory of the faith.” After the Guru had blessed him, the qazis asked Bhai Mati Dass, “Brother, embrace Islam and enjoy the pleasures provided by the government. Moreover when you die as a Muslim, you will go to heaven where there will be streams of milk, many kinds of wine to drink and beautiful women to enjoy. If you do not embrace Islam, your body will be sawn into two.” Bhai Mati Dass replied, “I can sacrifice hundreds of such heavens for my faith. I don’t need women nor wine. I see all the happiness in the path of my faith.” By the order of the qazis, the executioners sawed Bhai Mati Dass in two on the 8th November, 1675 A.D., in Chandani Chowk, Delhi.

    On the 10th November, 1675 A.D., the qazis ordered Bhai Sati Dass to be wrapped in cotton and burnt. Before being wrapped in cotton, the qazis asked Bhai Sati Dass, “Save your life by embracing Islam and live in pleasure.” Bhai Sati Dass replied, ‘You cannot understand that my pleasure and happiness lie only in obeying the command of my Guru. It does not lie in saving this life which must end one day.” At this reply, the executioners wrapped Bhai Sati Dass in cotton, poured oil over it and set fire to it. Bhai Sati Dass remained calm while burning till his last breath and remained true to his resolve.

    The Delhi Emperor, Aurangzeb cherished the ambition of converting India into a land of Islam. This philosophy was also pleaded by Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi (1569–1624), leader of the Naqashbandi School.

    The Emperor’s experiment was first carried out in Kashmir. The viceroy of Kashmir, Iftikar Khan (1671–1675) carried out the policy vigorously and set about converting non-Muslims by force.

    The Guru was put in chains and ordered to be tortured until he would accept Islam. When he could not be persuaded to abandon his faith to save himself from persecution, he was asked to perform some miracles to prove his divinity. On his refusal, Guru Tegh Bahadur was beheaded in public at Chandni Chowk on 11 November 1675.

    The last wish of Bhai Mati Dass was “‘When I am being cut with the saw, let my face be towards my mentor so that I may behold my Guru till my last breath and he may keep on seeing me so that he may be convinced how happily I reach my last destination.”

  20. Prevention – Heart Problems
    Heart Disease is one of the most common diseases afflicting today’s executives.
    Sedentary life Smoking High Calorie diet Stress
    Alcohol etc cause Blockage in Coronary Arteries
    OR Clot in Coronary Arteries OR Constriction of Coronary Arteries which may lead to Angina
    Heart Attack,Cardiac Arrest or Heart Failure
    To prevent this
    Take a brisk walk for 20 minutes per day, Every day
    walking is the best form of exercise that people of all ages can do.

    WALKING AND CHOLESTROL – Regular walking can increase the levels of good cholesterol.

    Regular walking makes the heart work more efficiently and improves blood circulation and Blood vessels become more elastic and the amount of oxygen delivered to the tissues increases.
    WALKING AND FITNESS – Regular brisk walking improves muscle tone, makes your heart stronger and gives you that bite of fitness.
    Do it regularly for 20 minutes every day and enjoy the feeling of fitness from within.
    WALKING IS SIMPLEST, CHEAPEST, EASIEST
    EFFECTIVE & SAFE METHOD TO
    Reduce Stress,Strengthen the heart, Strengthen the muscles,Reduce cholesterol and Improve blood circulation

Comments are closed.

Scroll to Top