About
History may be defined as collection of evidences, research based on facts & figures and presentation of authentic information about past events. History is a strong medium to get connected with ancient roots. Scholars who write about history are called Historians. As we all are aware that India witnessed several invasions. Adequate justice could not be done to honor our heros due to lack of interest by the invaders. Small contributions in the field of History of Ancient India by historians during Colonial rule could not do justice to earlier Proud rulers of South North East & West India & their successors. Ancient Indian History, therefore became victim of history of religions by historians of colonial era. “ Truth of those dark times was not Truth, it was just someone’s version to please their religious & political bosses. Research work to examine and analyse the sequence of events, and all attempts to investigate objectively the patterns of cause and effect by the Truthful Historians of pre partition era was discouraged by Rulers. Indian History suffered from obscurities, uncertainties, and ambiguities during colonial era. Post partition period saw emergence of a dedicated class of Ancient India Historians, who brought out facts & the revolutionary vision of our historians and highlighted the truth of glorious past of India. “We must be aware that truth marches along long fields of winding shadows out of an abyss the cursed black hole. Truth is a shower of raining stars hailing down from the heavens. It covers the earth & makes it gold.” Truth is therefore more desirable then many white diamonds. It is the thing, we must, search for, A thing, we must prize for, A thing we must hold. And here is the Truth of Ancient India.
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History of South Asia
The Pre Historic Era
- The Stone Age:
The Stone Age began 500,000 to 200,000 years ago and recent finds in Tamil Nadu (at C. 75000 years ago, before and after the explosion of the Toba Volcano) indicate the presence of the first anatomically humans in the area. Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back to two million years have been discovered in the Northwestern part of the country.
- The Bronze Age:
The Bronze Age in the Indian subcontinent dates back to around 3300 BCE with the early Indus Valley Civilization. Historically part of ancient India, it is one of the world’s earliest, urban civilizations, along with Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. Inhabitants of this era developed new techniques in metallurgy and handicraft and produced copper, bronze, lead and tin.
Early Historic period
Vedic Period:
The Vedic Period is distinguished by the Indo-Aryan culture which was associated with the texts of Vedas, sacred to Hindus, and that were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some of the oldest extant texts, next to those in Egypt and Mesopotamia. The Vedic era in the subcontinent lasted from about 1500-500 BCE, laying down the foundation of Hinduism and other cultural dimensions of early Indian society. The Aryans laid down Vedic civilization all over North India, particularly in the Gangetic Plain.
Mahajanapadas:
This period saw the second major rise in urbanization in India after the Indus valley Civilization. The word “maha” means great and the word “janapada” means foothold of a tribe. In the later Vedic Age a number of small kingdoms or city states had mushroomed across the subcontinent and also find mention in early Buddhist and Jain literature as far back as 1000 BCE. By 500 BCE, sixteen “republics” or Mahajanapadas has been established, namely; Kasi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji (or Vriji),Malla, Chedi, Vatsa (or Vamsa), Kuru, Panchala, Matsya, Surasena, Assaka, Avanti,Gandhara, and Kamboja
Persian and Greek Conquests:
Much of the Northwest subcontinent (currently Afghanistan and Pakistan) came under the rule of the Persian Achaemenid Empire in C. 520 BCE under the rule of Darius the Great and remained so for two centuries. In 326 BCE, Alexander not so Great reached the Northwest frontier of the Indian subcontinent. But got defeated from King porus
Maurya Empire:
The Maurya Empire, ruled by the Mauryan Dynasty from 322-185 BCE was a geographically extensive and mighty political and military empire in ancient India, established in the subcontinent by Chandragupta Maurya in Magadha (present day Bihar) and was it further thrived under Ashoka the Great.
The Guptas (c.300-500)
Guptas, emerged in the fourth century to take the Kushans’ place. Its founder, Chandra Gupta I, brought Northern India under his rule while states in the Deccan and Sri Lanka agreed to become the Guptas’ vassals.Th e Gupta Empire was one of the largest political and military empires in the world. It was ruled by members of the Gupta dynasty from around 320 to 600 CE and covered most of Northern India, the region presently in the nation of Pakistan and what is now western India and Bangladesh.
The Gupta period is seen as a golden age of Indian culture. Indian astronomers came up with the idea of a round earth rotating on its axis. Indian mathematicians developed such concepts as Pi, negative numbers, a decimal system with place value digits, zero, and quadratic equations. In literature, India’s two greatest epic poems, the Ramayana, and Mahabharata, which itself contains possibly the most revered work in Indian literature, the Bhagavad Gita, were written down in their final forms. India’s greatest playwright, Kalidasa, flourished at this time. Unlike Greek drama, the point of Indian drama is to delight the audience and leave it with a serene and peaceful feeling. Both Buddhist and the emerging Hindu art and architecture also thrived. Once again, Greek influence can still be seen in the simplicity and serenity of Buddhist art. Hindu temples were modeled after caves, which Indians always considered sacred and were decorated with sculptures.During this time, a major shift took place in the religious climate of India. The Guptas, like many rulers before them, had been active supporters of Buddhism. This, and their popularity among the rich middle classes, led to large contributions to Buddhist monasteries, which became quite wealthy.
Colonial Era:
From the 16th century, European powers such as Portugal, Netherlands, France and the United Kingdom established trading posts in India. Later, they took advantage of internal conflicts and established colonies in the country.
- The British Rule:
The British Rule in India began with the coming of the British East India Company in 1600 and continued till Indian independence from British rule in 1947. - Independence and Partition:
Religious tension between the Hindus and Muslims had been brewing over the years, especially in provinces like Punjab and Bengal. The Muslims were a minority and they did not feel secure in the prospect of an exclusively Hindu government and hence made them wary of independence. All through this Mahatama Gandhi called for unity among the two religious groups. The British, whose economy had been weakened after World War 2, decided to leave India and participated in the formation of an interim government. The British Indian territories gained independence in 1947, after being partitioned into the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan.
- Research Work by the Author
1. The North West India of 2nd Century BC: The research thesis on the history of the north Western Regions of the India Subcontinent by Late Dr Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan is an attempt to revive the glorious past of India. As we all are aware that in the early year of this century , our country was invaded by the Greek Rulers of Bactria. The administration of the later Mauryas crumbled and the Sungas emerged as new force. This work undertakes to study among various other things, the political conditions prevailing the eve of the Indo Greek invasion, the nature of India forces – the mauryas and subsequently the Sungas-and the out come of this struggle. The author has investigated the history of the republican Tribes of the North West and of the later Mauryas in this contribution. The latter investigation is based on literary and epigraphical notices fr0om Panini ( 5th century BC) to Samudragup
2. Indo Greek Coins: Old Coins rank among the best and most reliable data to rewrite the Ancient History of India. The Indo Greek Princes were the earliest Rulers who issued inscribed Coins/Cast Coins in India. The Chief merit of this book is that it reviews all that was done on the subject of Ancient Indian History 2nd Century BC by previous Scholars
3. Indian Inscriptions – Four Volumes (Second Century BC to Sixth Century AD) Archaeological Discoveries during post partition period provided authentic sources and materials to reconstruct the early History of India based on evidences. Extensive research work from the period Second Century BC to Sixth Century AD was carried out by the Author just prior to his death on 12 Sep 2003. We are in the process of building this site
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Power of Positive Talk by Dr APJ KALAM
I remember my dad teaching me the power of language at a very young age. Not only did my dad understand that specific words affect our mental pictures, but he understood words are a powerful programming factor in lifelong success.
One particularly interesting event occurred when I was eight. As a kid, I was always climbing trees, poles, and literally hanging around upside down from the rafters of our lake house. So, it came to no surprise for my dad to find me at the top of a 30-foot tree swinging back and forth. My little eight-year-old brain didn’t realize the tree could break or I could get hurt. I just thought it was fun to be up so high.
My older cousin, Tammy, was also in the same tree. She was hanging on the first big limb, about ten feet below me. Tammy’s mother also noticed us at the exact time my dad did. About that time a huge gust of wind came over the tree. I could hear the leaves start to rattle and the tree begin to sway. I remember my dad’s voice over the wind yell, “Bart, Hold on tightly.” So I did. The next thing I know, I heard Tammy screaming at the top of her lungs, laying flat on the ground. She had fallen out of the tree.
I scampered down the tree to safety. My dad later told me why she fell and I did not. Apparently, when Tammy’s mother felt the gust of wind, she yelled out, “Tammy, don’t fall!” And Tammy did. fall.
My dad then explained to me that the mind has a very difficult time processing a negative image. In fact, people who rely on internal pictures cannot see a negative at all. In order for Tammy to process the command of not falling, her nine-year-old brain had to first imagine falling, then try to tell the brain not to do what it just imagined. Whereas, my eight-year-old brain instantly had an internal image of me hanging on tightly.
This concept is especially useful when you are attempting to break a habit or set a goal. You can’t visualize not doing something. The only way to properly visualize not doing something is to actually find a word for what you want to do and visualize that. For example, when I was thirteen years old, I played for my junior high school football team. I tried so hard to be good, but I just couldn’t get it together at that age. I remember hearing the words run through my head as I was running out for a pass, “Don’t drop it!” Naturally, I dropped the ball.
My coaches were not skilled enough to teach us proper “self-talk.” They just thought some kids could catch and others couldn’t. I’ll never make it pro, but I’m now a pretty good Sunday afternoon football player, because all my internal dialogue is positive and encourages me to win. I wish my dad had coached me playing football instead of just climbing trees. I might have had a longer football career.
Here is a very easy demonstration to teach your kids and your friends the power of a toxic vocabulary. Ask them to hold a pen or pencil. Hand it to them. Now, follow my instructions carefully. Say to them, “Okay, try to drop the pencil.” Observe what they do.
Most people release their hands and watch the pencil hit the floor. You respond, “You weren’t paying attention. I said TRY to drop the pencil. Now please do it again.” Most people then pick up the pencil and pretend to be in excruciating pain while their hand tries but fails to drop the pencil.
The point is made.
If you tell your brain you will “give it a try,” you are actually telling your brain to fail. I have a “no try” rule in my house and with everyone I interact with. Either people will do it or they won’t. Either they will be at the party or they won’t. I’m brutal when people attempt to lie to me by using the word try. Do they think I don’t know they are really telegraphing to the world they have no intention of doing it but they want me to give them brownie points for pretended effort? You will never hear the words “I’ll try” come out of my mouth unless I’m teaching this concept in a seminar.
If you “try” and do something, your unconscious mind has permission not to succeed. If I truly can’t make a decision I will tell the truth. “Sorry John. I’m not sure if I will be at your party or not. I’ve got an outstanding commitment. If that falls through, I will be here. Otherwise, I will not. Thanks for the invite.”
People respect honesty. So remove the word “try” from your vocabulary.
My dad also told me that psychologists claim it takes seventeen positive statements to offset one negative statement. I have no idea if it is true, but the logic holds true. It might take up to seventeen compliments to offset the emotional damage of one harsh criticism.
These are concepts that are especially useful when raising children.
Ask yourself how many compliments you give yourself daily versus how many criticisms. Heck, I know you are talking to yourself all day long. We all have internal voices that give us direction.
So, are you giving yourself the 17:1 ratio or are you shortchanging yourself with toxic self-talk like, ” I’m fat. Nobody will like me. I’ll try this diet. I’m not good enough. I’m so stupid. I’m broke, etc. etc.”
If our parents can set a lifetime of programming with one wrong statement, imagine the kind of programming you are doing on a daily basis with your own internal dialogue.
Here is a list of Toxic Vocabulary words.
Notice when you or other people use them.
Ø But: Negates any words that are stated before it.
Ø Try: Presupposes failure.
Ø If: Presupposes that you may not.
Ø Might: It does nothing definite. It leaves options for your listener..
Ø Would Have: Past tense that draws attention to things that didn’t actually happen.
Ø Should Have: Past tense that draws attention to things that didn’t actually happen (and implies guilt.)
Ø Could Have: Past tense that draws attention to things that didn’t actually happen but the person tries to take credit as if it did happen.
Ø Can’t/Don’t: These words force the listener to focus on exactly the opposite of what you want. This is a classic mistake that parents and coaches make without knowing the damage of this linguistic error.
Examples:
Toxic phrase: “Don’t drop the ball!”
Likely result: Drops the ball
Better language: “Catch the ball!”
Toxic phrase: “You shouldn’t watch so much television.”
Likely result: Watches more television.
Better language: “I read too much television makes people stupid. You might find yourself turning that TV off and picking up one of those books more often!”
Exercise: Take a moment to write down all the phrases you use on a daily basis or any Toxic self-talk that you have noticed yourself using. Write these phrases down so you will begin to catch yourself as they occur and change them.
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF LIFE
At Some Stage of our lives, we have only one question that is “what could be the original purpose of Life” Purpose of life is not to get rich or become famous..or Purpose of life is to get married and populate the earth We have been blessed with life. We must live happily and achieve peace of mind. My purpose on life may be different from yours Your purpose will be different from others. I need not accept your purpose & You need not accept my purpose. God may have desired for the earth to be filled with happy, healthy people The universe is so vast. You may never find the answers to the question ie What is the Purpose of Life ? The purpose of life constitutes a philosophical question concerning the purpose and significance of life or existence in general. This concept can be expressed through a variety of related questions, such as Why are we here?, What is life all about?, and What is the meaning of it all? It has been the subject of much philosophical, scientific, and theological speculation throughout history. There have been a large number of answers to such questions from many different cultural and ideological backgrounds.
A person’s life has purpose for himself, others as the life events resulting from his achievement, legacy, family, etc., but, to say that life, itself, has a meaning. we can live as we wish or we can live for some purpose.
Life is not for purpose, but there is purposes in life. Why do people love each other. Why do mothers love babies before they are even born? Because it contributes to the maintenance and increase of the population of the human species. Why are so many people against abortion? Because it is a deterrent to procreation.? Rise and be great, do the great things you were meant to do. Look deep inside you, realize what is your life’s purpose and your meaning of life and when you do find purpose, you discover yourself to be a greater person than you ever dreamed yourself to be. The world you live in will never be the same and the opportunities life throws at you will be abundant. The Meaning of Life will be clear. Not only to eat, drink, sleep and die one day, we should also remember that we have come from God and will return to Him one day. Till then love all serve all; help ever, hurt never. do your duty. Hands that help are holier than lips that pray. Each of us must find our own purpose. We,All, are adding to the sum oftotal Conscious..
God’s purpose may be to improve the world through this collective Conscious. “May be if we are surrounded in beauty/ Someday we become what we see/”. I want to make the world a prettier place, in the hopes that others will follow the example in behavior and moral. I suggest you Meditate, find God, do something. Human life means acquire knowledge to get out of here: Life means a continuous struggle and learning which starts with birth and ends with death.
One who is equal to friends and enemies, who is equipoised in honor and dishonor, heat and cold, happiness and distress, fame and infamy, who is always free from contaminating association, always silent and satisfied with anything, who doesn’t care, who is fixed in knowledge and who is engaged in devotional service — such a person is very dear to God~ Alok Mohan
Courage & Fear
Courage is about standing up for your beliefs without hesitating to face the consequences. It takes will power and strong beliefs to face challenges with optimism and a positive attitude in mind. Great heroes show courage to stand up for a noble cause and for high morals.
· Courage is about fighting against things that are immoral and injustice even if you know that people are not going to support you.
· Courage is when you have to swim against the tide, knowing that anything could happen to you.
· Courage is giving up your happiness and pleasures for others.
· Courage is about accepting your fears
· Courage is being able to admit that u have mistakes and u r not perfect
· Courage is about facing difficulties without doubting your strengths
· Courage is believing in yourselves even when the world doesn’t.
An action is courageous if it is an attempt to achieve success despite difficulties. Difficulties generally deter people from their objectives. Similarly a state such as cheerfulness is courageous, if it is sustained in spite of such difficulties. A courageous person is characteristically able to attempt such actions or maintain such states. courage is dependent on sound judgment, for it needs to be known whether the end justifies the risk incurred. Similarly, courage is not the absence of fear, but the ability to feel the appropriate amount of fear.
Courage is a mean between timidity and overconfidence. This is the quality of mind which enables us to encounter danger and difficulties with firmness, or without fear, or fainting of heart; valor; boldness; resolution. fearlessness is often regarded as synonymous with courage, there is some value in distinguishing it from a particular view of courage: the occurrence of perseverance despite fear, which is perhaps the purest form of courage. Despite frequent exposure to dangerous and stressful situations, most people acquire few lasting fears.
COURAGE
True courage is not the absence of fear—but willingness to proceed in spite of it. There are examples of brave men having exceptional courage. In spite of knowing that they could lose their lives, they still set out to walk into thick jungles, and sail over unknown seas. What a great deal of hardships and difficulties they must have had to encounter! They were able to overcome these because of their determination and courage. Even today, men continue to display their fearlessness. Brave men dive into the depths of the oceans to discover the mystery of the deep ocean. They fly into outer space, knowing that they may never return, and then there are those who are willing to lay down their lives in the service of their country.
I believe you have to have courage to succeed in just about everything you do. If you don’t have courage , you’d be just sitting in a corner sucking your thumb.
In life, one must have the courage to stand up for what they believe in, courage to be oneself and the courage to go out and experience new things
Bravest are surely those who have the clearest vision of what is before them, glory and danger alike, and yet notwithstanding, go out to meet it. Life shrinks or expands in proportion to one’s courage
Everything depends on what is in our hearts. If we decide to ourselves that something is impossible, then, consistent with our minds in thinking so, even something that is possible for us will become impossible. On the other hand, if we have the courage that we can definitely do something, then we are already one step closer to success.
Life is the sum of experiences that we encounter as we go through life. Day to day to struggles and triumphs are experienced by all of the world’s creatures. When we encounter challenges, we have freedom to choose how to react. Every decision that we make leads us down another road. We will never come to exactly the same crossroads. Every decision that we make has significance. The tiniest choice that is made reverberates throughout the entire universe. We can’t be useful to ourselves unless we’re useful to others. Whether we like it or not, we’re all connected, and it is unthinkable to be happy all by oneself. Anyone concerned only by his own well-being will suffer eventually. Anyone concerned with the well-being of others takes care of himself without even thinking about his fears. Even if we decide to remain selfish, let us be intelligently selfish. Courage is doing what you’re afraid to do. There can be no courage unless you’re scared.. Courage grows when you learn to resist and stand up to your fears. Courage is being without fear. Bravery is doing something regardless of your fear.
To Sum Up “Courage grows when you can go from failure to failure without losing conviction and hope”
Meditation– On Going Moments
Meditation cleans the mind and makes it calm and quiet. Once our mind is Clean, our health gets automatically improved. Major reason of improvement of health is attributable to the fact that the major quantum of vital body energy wasted in unproductive mind activities is used for body repairs during meditation.
For an ideal meditation to take place, there are three steps 1. Remember God by chanting several times Om or Ram or hari om or ————–
2. Sit quietly & ask for blessings from the almighty with the feelings of love gratitude & appreciation
3. Take five deep breaths
Once we concentrate our thoughts for long time, the thoughts coming in our mind will reduce. We must focus our mind on the present on going moments. On going moments meditation improves our mood, decreases our stress/anxiety, boosts our immune function, helps us to see life as it really is and helps us to cultivate mindfulness, wisdom, compassion, patience, and loving-kindness. We should find a quiet and comfortable place. & put aside all thoughts of the past and the future and stay in the present moments.
We should feel our breathing & focus on the sensation of air moving in and out of our body as we breathe & at the same time watching every thought that come and go through our mind ie all thoughts whether they are associated with worry, fear, anxiety or hope. When thoughts come up in our mind, We must not ignore or suppress them but simply note them, remain calm and focus on our breathing
We may find occasions when we find our self getting carried away in our thoughts, We must watch those moments when our mind went off and simply return to our breathing.
We must practice on going moment meditation for at least ten to fifteen minutes every day.
Good Manners & Etiquettes
Good Manners & Etiquettes are the positive traits which ensure a child’s social success. No child is born with good mannerism. Parents have the responsibility to teach Good Manners & Etiquettes to their children. Every individual on this earth need respect. Parents must give respect to Children so that the children learn to respect others. Parents must not indulge in speaking bad language or street talk, or use of dirty words. Mannerism is a way of behaving in a socially correct way which is acceptable to Community.
Good manners are the first mark of good breeding and reflect directly on a person’s upbringing. Good Mannerism cares the prevailing customs, social conduct, and norms of a specific society. Mannerism means — being polite — considering sentiments of people around us. Mannerism is a way to get along in society while moral is doing what you know and feel right. We must teach our children to listen and obey elders. When they are at School, they must behave like a good student ie as a sincere, studious, and regular student. When at outdoor, the child is taught how to approach others and how to get involved in team work. Children should be taught to not to stick their hands in mouth, ears etc.
Some common examples of Bad mannerism are cited below:
1. Habit of interrupting others while talking without waiting for the other person to finish.
2. Habit of leading a conversation, into arguments, instead of mutual respect and “agreeing to disagree” kind of approach.
3. Habit of putting down others and commenting on their dress, hair, moods and just about everything personal, without any regard or respect for their individuality and choices.
4. Acute lack of social etiquettes in public places: some of them readily observable are: talking in high decibels without concern for other people’s disturbances
Alok Mohan
Ultimate Aim of Life
Life means struggle and that is the Aim of life.
Now it is you who enjoy this or you want to run away from this struggle. This is your choice
I have noticed that those who have had a too comfortable childhood and fairly effortless entry into adult responsibilities and privileges, mostly turn out to be highly self-oriented and quite unaware and apathetic to the alternate realities of life, a sure formula to kill compassion. Struggle brings humility and humility is the mother of compassion!! ego come when the time is running good Bad times makes us too be compassionate.
Struggle can make us tough enough…. struggle makes life better.
Bad time is like hell when it come our Shadow also leave us alone.
We cant even survive for our self and that’s make us Nice person.
“Be good”
if any one need water and he is in bad condition plz give him water and Be blessed by God
The most important thing in life is to learn that you are not the body. That will give you such freedom from pain and from suffering. Not that suffering will disappear, not that there will not be any pain or cancer, they will be there but you will not be identified with them. You will be just a watcher. And if you can watch your own body as if it is somebody else’s body, you have attained something of tremendous importance. Your life has not been in vain. You have learnt the lesson, the greatest lesson that is possible for any human being. One may feel it is passion or care or intelligence or many other options but according to me the most important virtue is Vision. This gives you ability to peep into future. Vision gives you confidence. It gives you insights into many other interests like philosophy and spiritualism.
Vision strengthens your survival instincts. After second world war, psychologist made analysis of all those who survived horrendous tortures and atrocities in concentration camps. They made analysis of the most important reason due to which these inmates survived. You will be surprised to know that rather than physical strength , vigour , psychological strength, the single most important virtue which made them survive was Vision. This vision kept on reinforcing in them a desire to live. It gave them assurance that one day this stupidity would end and logic and senses would prevail
Life is a like a long road. Life is like an endless corridor with Hundreds of doors, each beholding a different opportunity. Our minds are as different as our finger prints.No two are identical. Palmistry also says the same. Every human is unique. Not only do our
organs differ, but our personalities differ. Each human develops different goals, and has special traits or feelings which differ in a million different ways from others.
That
Every person is unique and has an intrinsic worth.
If life is continually reborn, transmute, change … When I watch the mirror, no longer I look for that I was in the past…I smile to which I am today …. I welcome the road travelled, and I assume my contradictions. I feel that I greet the young woman who I was, fondly, but put aside his fantasy world of illusions and left. I want to be me, here and now! Life is so short and the Art of living is so hard, that when one begins to learn, and must die. So I try to live it fully …. As if today was your last, enjoy every minute, every moment, every one I love, every ray of sun that touches me! remain hopeful and waiting for the dawning of a new day to be reborn as yesterday …. stay behind and just left me the rich nectar of the experience. If you want the sea, Behold him, open your hands in the water and the whole sea will be there. Because if you close your hands to hold, will remain empty.
If you want the wind, spread your arms, open your hands and all the wind is yours, Enjoy! Because if you hold, you will be nothing.
If you want the sun and enjoy its wonderful light, open your eyes and contemplates … because if you close your eyes to hold the light that you achieved and will stay dark. Only then will enjoy life without knowing that you possess, and retain it and letting it run without you know you’ve lived life well. Change the world and the world will change with you ….
“In this life we must die several times and then reborn. And the crisis, but scare, serve to cancel an epoch and inaugurate another
Alok Mohan